Network Layers, Ethernet, and WAN Technologies
Application and Presentation Layer
Application and Presentation Layer: Services, files, printers, applications, databases.
Transport and Network Layer
Transport and Network Layer: Network management, routing protocols, switch.
Data Link and Physical Layers
Data Link Layer and Physical: Ethernet communications management, UTP Cat 5, SONET, physical media, hardware.
- The first Ethernet standard was an association between Digital Equipment Corp., Intel, and Xerox (DIX).
- Ethernet was released as an open standard.
Multiplexers, WAN, and LAN Network Technologies
Multiplexer Types
Frequency Division Multiplexer (FDM): Divides the bandwidth of a line among several channels. Each channel occupies a portion of the total frequency bandwidth.
Time Division Multiplexer (TDM): Each channel is assigned a specific time slot within the main channel. Time slots are shared equally among all channels. A disadvantage is that if a channel is unused, its time slot remains unused; other channels cannot utilize it. Padding bits are sent instead of data.
Statistical Time Division
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Eratosthenes
Prime Number Checker
This code checks if a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm.
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
const int Max = 1000;
int main() {
vector es_primer(1000001, true);
es_primer[0] = es_primer[1] = false;
for (int i = 2; i < Max; ++i) {
if (es_primer[i]) {
for (int m = 2 * i; m <= Max * Max; m += i) {
es_primer[m] = false;
}
}
}
int x;
while (cin >> x) {
cout << x;
if (es_primer[x])
cout << " es primer" <
Java Code for Queue and Stack Data Structures
Queue Class
First, we import the ArrayList class:
import java.util.ArrayList;This is the Cola (Queue) class, which extends ArrayList:
public class Cola extends ArrayList {
public void encolar(Object dato) {
if (dato != null) {
if (!esLlena())
this.add(dato);
else
System.out.println("La cola esta llena.");
} else {
System.out.println("Introduzca un dato no nulo");
}
}
public void encolar(int pos,Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Linear, and Piezoelectric Actuators
Pneumatic Actuators
A pneumatic actuator is a mechanical device that converts compressed air pressure into mechanical motion or force. It’s commonly used in various industrial applications to control valves, dampers, gates, and other mechanical components. Pneumatic actuators are preferred for their simplicity, reliability, and suitability for high-force applications in environments where electrical actuators may not be practical or safe.
How Pneumatic Actuators Work
- Pneumatic Power Source: Pneumatic
Understanding Signals: Phase, Frequency, and Modulation
Signal: A sequence of voltage changes characterized by phase, amplitude, and frequency.
Phase: A measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal.
Amplitude: The instantaneous value of the signal at a given time.
Frequency: The number of repetitions per unit of time, measured in Hertz (Hz). It is the inverse of the period.
Hertz (Hz): Equivalent to one cycle per second.
Signal Spectrum: The range of signal values from minimum to maximum frequency.
Digital Signals: Discrete signals
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