Understanding Signals: Phase, Frequency, and Modulation
Signal: A sequence of voltage changes characterized by phase, amplitude, and frequency.
Phase: A measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal.
Amplitude: The instantaneous value of the signal at a given time.
Frequency: The number of repetitions per unit of time, measured in Hertz (Hz). It is the inverse of the period.
Hertz (Hz): Equivalent to one cycle per second.
Signal Spectrum: The range of signal values from minimum to maximum frequency.
Digital Signals: Discrete signals
Read MoreNetwork Cables and Components: Types and Uses
Twisted Pair Wiring
Twisted pair cables consist of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together. This twisting helps reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk.
Types
There are two main types: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). UTP is common for Ethernet, while STP has additional shielding for better EMI protection.
Categories
Twisted pair cables are categorized into different performance levels, such as Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6a, and Cat 7, with higher categories
Read MoreJava Code Snippets: BSTNode and Graph Algorithms
private BSTNode removeLeaves (BSTNode curr){
if (curr == null)
return null;
if (curr.left == null && curr.right == null){
treeSize–;
return null;
}
curr.left = removeLeaves (curr.left);
curr.right = removeLeaves(curr.right);
return curr;
}
public String getEdges (boolean asc){
TreeMap ,>> m = null;
if (asc == true)
m = new TreeMap ,>> (new Less <><>());
else
m = new TreeMap ,>> (new Greater ());
for (Entry e1: adjacencyMap.entrySet())
Read MoreWAN Technology: Circuit, Message & Frame Relay
WAN Technology: Understanding the Basics
WANs (Wide Area Networks) can cover distances from approximately 100 km to over 1000 km, providing service to a country or continent. Many WANs, such as RedIRIS or those used by Internet providers, are built by private companies for private use, offering high-speed connectivity.
Typically, a WAN is a point-to-point network. WANs may use satellite communication systems or radio technology. Their primary function is networking, connecting terminal equipment located
Read MoreC Data Structures: Code Examples & Algorithms
Binary Tree Traversal in C
This code demonstrates binary tree traversal using C.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node {
int data;
struct node left;
struct node right;
};
struct node *root = NULL;
struct node create() {
struct node ptr, *ptr1;
int x, a;
Read Moreptr = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node)); if (ptr == NULL) { printf("Memory Full"); return NULL; // Important: Return NULL on memory allocation failure } printf("\nEnter the data for the current node: "); scanf(
Data Transmission Techniques and Communication Channels
Modes of Transmission
Simplex Mode
The transmitter only sends information to the receiver.
Half-Duplex Mode
Protocols manage the transmission turn of each machine.
Full-Duplex Mode
Communication occurs simultaneously in both directions.
Communication Channels
A signal travels through designated “rails”.
Signals require specific bandwidth (range of frequencies for undistorted transmission).
The number of channels depends on the transmission medium.
Channel changes on a transmission medium involve modulation,
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