Data Communication Concepts and Transmission Methods
Data Communication Fundamentals
Core Concepts in Data Communication
Data Communication: The process of communicating information in binary form between two or more points. It requires four basic elements:
- Transmitter: A device that transmits data.
- Message: The data to be transmitted.
- Medium: The path data takes from source to destination.
- Receiver: The device receiving the data.
Bit: The smallest unit of information and the base unit for communications.
Byte: The minimum continuous set of bits that enables
Read MoreNetworking Essentials: LAN, WAN, and Data Transmission
Networking Fundamentals
LAN vs. WAN
LAN (Local Area Network): Local networking, typically found in homes, businesses, or schools, and geographically limited. It is owned by an independent organization.
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a large geographical area and is typically used by service providers.
Network Infrastructure
Hardware: Routers, switches, NICs (Network Interface Cards)
Software: Network operating/management systems, operating systems, firewalls, network security applications
Services: T-
Read MoreJava Concepts: Practice Questions and Examples
Java Concepts: Practice Questions
- Primitive data type variables cannot be used to invoke methods.
- Import statements are not needed if one class in a package uses another in the same package.
- Classes declared as
finalcannot be subclassed. - Methods in an abstract class do not have to be abstract.
- Static/private methods cannot be overridden.
Data Type Conversion
- String to int:
int result = Integer.parseInt(string);
Threads
Create and start a thread that checks if an integer is even (divisible by 2):
new Thread(
Pathfinding Algorithms: BFS, DFS, A*, and Uniform Cost
Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First Search (DFS)
from collections import dequedef bfs(maze, start, end): rows = len(maze) cols = len(maze[0]) directions = [(0, 1), (1, 0), (0, -1), (-1, 0)] queue = deque([(start, [start])]) visited = set() visited.add(start) node_visited = 0 while queue: current, path = queue.popleft() node_visited += 1 if current == end: return path, node_visited for r, c in directions: x = current[0] + r y = current[C Language Stack Implementation and Applications
C Code: Checking Parentheses Correctness
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define N 20
typedef struct stack {
int a[N];
int top;
} stack;
void push(stack *s, int x) {
s->top++;
s->a[s->top] = x;
}
int pop(stack *s) {
int x;
x = s->a[s->top];
s->top--;
return x;
}
int isOpenBracket(int x) {
if (x == '{' || x == '[' || x == '(') {
return 1;
} else {
return 0;
}
}
int isCloseBracket(int x) {
if IoT Network Architectures: Protocols and Communication
Request-Response Communication in Detail
Request-response communication is a fundamental interaction model in networked systems where a client sends a request to a server, and the server processes the request and sends back a response. This model is widely used in IoT, web services, APIs, and distributed computing.
How Request-Response Communication Works
Client Sends a Request
The client (such as a device, application, or user) sends a request to the server.
The request contains specific information
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