WAN Technology: Circuit, Message & Frame Relay

Posted by admin on Feb 28, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

WAN Technology: Understanding the Basics

WANs (Wide Area Networks) can cover distances from approximately 100 km to over 1000 km, providing service to a country or continent. Many WANs, such as RedIRIS or those used by Internet providers, are built by private companies for private use, offering high-speed connectivity.

Typically, a WAN is a point-to-point network. WANs may use satellite communication systems or radio technology. Their primary function is networking, connecting terminal equipment located

C Data Structures: Code Examples & Algorithms

Posted by admin on Feb 27, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Binary Tree Traversal in C

This code demonstrates binary tree traversal using C.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node { int data; struct node left; struct node right; };

struct node *root = NULL;

struct node create() { struct node ptr, *ptr1; int x, a;

ptr = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
if (ptr == NULL) {
    printf("Memory Full");
    return NULL; // Important: Return NULL on memory allocation failure
}
printf("\nEnter the data for the current node: ");
scanf(

Data Transmission Techniques and Communication Channels

Posted by admin on Feb 27, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Modes of Transmission

Simplex Mode

The transmitter only sends information to the receiver.

Half-Duplex Mode

Protocols manage the transmission turn of each machine.

Full-Duplex Mode

Communication occurs simultaneously in both directions.

Communication Channels

A signal travels through designated “rails”.

Signals require specific bandwidth (range of frequencies for undistorted transmission).

The number of channels depends on the transmission medium.

Channel changes on a transmission medium involve modulation,

Algorithms in Java

Posted by admin on Feb 26, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

public int trap(int[] height) {
    if (height == null || height.length == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    int n = height.length;
    int left = 0, right = n - 1;
    int leftMax = 0, rightMax = 0;
    int waterTrapped = 0;

    while (left <= right) {
        if (height[left] <= height[right]) {
            if (height[left] >= leftMax) {
                leftMax = height[left];
            } else {
                waterTrapped += leftMax - 

Communication Channels: Types and Applications

Posted by admin on Feb 25, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Communication Channels

A communication channel is used to route messages from the sender to the receiver’s transmission components. A physical medium can support one or more communication channels. These can be:

• Guided: Such as copper wires or optical fiber (e.g., coaxial cable).
• Unguided: Such as air or a vacuum (e.g., wireless communications).

To establish a communication channel, the following are used:

• Dedicated Links: Establish an exclusive channel between two interlocutors.
• Point-to-Point: There

Data Transmission and Encoding Techniques

Posted by admin on Feb 24, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Data Elements and Signals

A data element is an entity that can represent one bit. A signal element is the short, in time, digital signal of 1A. Data elements need signals to send data; the signal is what sends these elements. Data rate is the number of data elements (bits) sent in one second. Modulation rate, or baud rate, is the number of signal elements sent per second.

Signal Characteristics and Coding

Bandwidth: The theoretical bandwidth of a digital signal is infinite; the effective bandwidth