Understanding Recurrent Neural Networks and Their Applications
🧠 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
A neural network for sequential data (time series, speech, text).
It has memory of past inputs to affect current output.
Simple: “RNN past data yaad rakh kar next output predict karta hai.”
x1 → x2 → x3 → ...
↓ ↓ ↓
h1 → h2 → h3 →
...
↓ ↓ ↓
y1 y2 y3
Stepwise:
1️⃣ Input – Sequential data (text/audio)
2️⃣ Hidden Layer – Current input + previous hidden state
Eq: hₜ = f(Wxₜ + Uhₜ₋₁ + b)
3️⃣
Cloud Computing and Virtualization Fundamentals
Virtualization: Core Concepts and Benefits
Defining Virtualization
Virtualization is the creation of a virtual rather than actual version of something, such as hardware, an operating system, a storage device, or a network device. This process includes splitting a single physical computer into multiple virtual computers (Virtual Machines), each with its own software-based resources: CPU, RAM, hard disk, and Network Interface Card (NIC).
Virtual Machine (VM) Key Features
- Isolation: The VM’s operating
Compiler Design Fundamentals: Phases, Parsing, and Optimization Techniques
Phases of a Compiler Design Process
A compiler converts source code into machine code. The main phases are:
- Lexical Analysis: Breaks code into tokens and removes spaces/comments.
- Syntax Analysis: Checks the grammar structure of tokens.
- Semantic Analysis: Checks meaning, types, and logical correctness.
- Intermediate Code Generation: Creates machine-independent middle code.
- Optimization: Improves code efficiency.
- Code Generation: Converts intermediate code into machine code.
- Symbol Table & Error Handling:
Machine Learning Fundamentals: Core Algorithms and Techniques
Rule-Based Classification Technique
Rule-based classification is a data mining method where IF–THEN rules are used to classify data into different categories. Each rule has two parts:
- IF (condition): tests certain attribute values
- THEN (conclusion): assigns a class label
Example:
IF age > 18 AND income = high THEN class = “Premium Customer”.
Key Points of Rule-Based Classification
- Simple and Interpretable: Rules are easy to understand because they are written in natural language.
- Classification
Key NP-Complete Problem Reductions: SAT, Clique & More
CircuitSAT to SAT Reduction
Problem Checks
The Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) is in NP because a given Boolean assignment serves as a polynomial-size certificate, which can be verified by evaluating the formula in polynomial time.
Reduction Construction
Given a circuit composed exclusively of NAND gates, the reduction proceeds as follows:
- Create a Boolean variable for each circuit input and for the output of each gate.
- For each gate represented as
z = NAND(a,b), add Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF)
Data Science Core Concepts: Workflow, Models, and Analytics
Data Science Fundamentals and Applications
What is Data Science?
Data Science is a field that uses mathematics, programming, and other techniques to analyze data and discover insights. It helps businesses make better decisions.
Types of Data Science Disciplines
- Data Engineering: Involves designing, building, and managing data infrastructure to help data scientists analyze data.
- Data Analysis: Involves using statistical analysis to answer questions about a business’s data.
- Predictive Analytics: Uses historical