Computer Networks & Communication Technologies Principles

Posted by on Jan 13, 2026 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Unit I — Computer Communications and Networking

1. Introduction to Computer Communications

Computer communications and networking technologies refer to the systems, tools, and methods that allow computers and digital devices to exchange data efficiently. These technologies include hardware components like routers, switches, and transmission media, along with software protocols that control communication. Networking enables resource sharing, remote access, distributed computing, and real-time data

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C Implementations of Core OS Algorithms and Concepts

Posted by on Jan 13, 2026 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Operating System Concepts: C Code Implementations

1. Process Management and Inter-Process Communication (IPC)

1a. Process Creation using fork()

This program demonstrates the creation of a child process using the fork() system call and distinguishes between the parent and child processes.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main() {
    pid_t pid, mypid, myppid;

    pid = getpid();
    printf("Before fork: Process id is %d\n", pid);

    pid = fork();
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Network Hierarchy: Core, Distribution, and Access Layers

Posted by on Jan 12, 2026 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Network Hierarchy Design

Core Layer

The Core Layer consists of the biggest, fastest, and most expensive routers with the highest model numbers. The Core Layer is considered the backbone of networks. Core Layer routers are used to merge geographically separated networks. These routers move information on the network as fast as possible. Core layer switches also operate to switch packets as fast as possible.

The core layer provides fast transport between distribution switches within the enterprise campus.

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GSM and GPRS Protocols: Architecture, Authentication, Handover

Posted by on Jan 12, 2026 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

GSM Protocol Architecture

The GSM Protocol Architecture is a three-layer model designed to handle communication between the Mobile Station (MS) and the Core Network. These layers roughly correspond to the bottom three layers of the OSI model: Physical, Data Link, and Network.

Three-Layer Architecture

Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

This layer handles the actual radio transmission. It manages functions like GMSK modulation, channel coding, and the creation of the 0.577 ms bursts described earlier. It operates

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Essential Swift Programming Snippets and Algorithms

Posted by on Jan 11, 2026 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Essential Swift Programming Snippets and Algorithms

Loops

Loop Forward

// Loop forward
for i in 0..

Loop in Reverse

// Loop in reverse
for index in stride(from: 5, through: 1, by: -1) {
    print(index) // 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
}

// OR
for i in (0..<10).reversed() {
    print(i)
}

Strings

String Manipulation

  • Convert String to Array of Strings containing 1 Character:
var strArr = str.characters.map { String($0) }
Join Array of Strings into 1 String:
var str = strArr.joined(separator: "")
Split String into array
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Machine Learning Models: Regression and Classification

Posted by on Jan 9, 2026 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Regression Models and Regularization Techniques

1. Linear Regression (Ordinary Least Squares – OLS)

Linear Regression is the most basic form, aiming to model the relationship between a dependent variable (Y) and one or more independent variables (X) by fitting a straight line (or hyperplane) to the data.

  • Goal: To find the coefficient values (β) that minimize the Residual Sum of Squares (RSS), which is the sum of the squared differences between the observed data points and the values predicted by the
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