Radio Communication Essentials and Propagation
Radio Communication
Radio communication takes place via radio waves that carry electric voice and video data. It is very important that the frequency of the radio system is correct.
Communication, Emission, and Propagation
- Transmission of electrical signals
- Reception
Radio Communication Services
- Fixed point-to-point service
- Mobile services (between stations)
- Channel broadcasting (radio and TV)
Simple Method of Operation
- One-way transmission
- Duplex: Simultaneous transmission in one way
- Half-duplex: Simultaneous
Dijkstra’s and Multistage Graph Algorithms in C
Dijkstra’s Algorithm Implementation in C
This code implements Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the shortest path between vertices in a graph. It takes an adjacency matrix as input, where each cell arr[i][j] represents the weight of the edge between vertex i and vertex j. If there is no edge, the value is 0.
#include <stdio.h>
int n; // Global variable for the number of vertices
void insertvalue(int arr[n][n]) {
int i, j, val, value;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = i; j Understanding TV Signal Distribution Methods
Composite Signal TV (Composite Video)
The composite video signal includes several distinct parts:
- The video information in interlaced form.
- Pulses (not cleared) to return is visible.
- Line and field sync to maintain synchronism between the sender and receiver.
36 Shots and 12 Pauses
Antenna Signal
Cable attenuation + gain amplifier – gain attenuation cable + cable head-attenuation attenuation dealer-cable-attenuation step-step shunt-wire cable.
Distribution via Unique
It is most used in family or single-unit
Read MoreUnderstanding Water Hardness, Softening, and Coal Analysis
Understanding Water Hardness and Treatment
Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium (e.g., Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂). It can be removed by boiling the water, which precipitates the bicarbonates as insoluble carbonates. Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved chlorides, sulfates, or nitrates of calcium and magnesium (e.g., CaCl₂, MgSO₄). It cannot be removed by boiling and requires chemical treatment for removal. Hardness is measured in various units:
Read MoreC Code Examples: Calculator, Leap Year, and More
C Code Examples
1. Calculator
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char operator;
double num1, num2, result;
// Input
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");
scanf(" %c", &operator);
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);
// Switch case to perform calculation based on the operator
switch (operator) {
case '+':
result = num1 + num2;
break;
case '-':
result = num1 - Read More
C Code Examples: Triangle, Commission, Date, Search
Triangle Type Determination
This C code determines the type of triangle based on the lengths of its sides.
#include <stdio.h>
// Function to check if sides form a triangle
int isValidTriangle(int a, int b, int c) {
return (a + b > c) && (a + c > b) && (b + c > a);
}
// Function to determine the type of triangle
void determineTriangleType(int a, int b, int c) {
if (!isValidTriangle(a, b, c)) {
printf("Not a triangle.\n");
return;
}
if