Transmission Media: Types, Interference, and Channel Capacity
In a data transmission system, the transmission medium is the physical path through which the sender and receiver communicate. We distinguish two types of media: guided and unguided. In both cases, transmission takes place through electromagnetic waves. Guided media direct the waves along a physical path; examples of these media are coaxial cable, fiber optic, and twisted pair. Unguided media transmit waves but do not direct them; examples include air and vacuum.
The nature of the medium, along with
Read MoreShared Memory and Message Queues in C
This code demonstrates inter-process communication (IPC) using shared memory and message queues in C. It also handles signals and finds perfect numbers.
Code Snippet:
st_shmem *shmem; <br>
st_msg msg;
<br><br>
int shmem_id;
<br>
int msg_id;
<br><br>
<!-- Handler for signal actions -->
<h3>Signal Handler</h3>
void handler(int signo) {
<br>
printf("\nTerminated compute PID = (%d)\n", getpid( Read More
Radio Communication Essentials and Propagation
Radio Communication
Radio communication takes place via radio waves that carry electric voice and video data. It is very important that the frequency of the radio system is correct.
Communication, Emission, and Propagation
- Transmission of electrical signals
- Reception
Radio Communication Services
- Fixed point-to-point service
- Mobile services (between stations)
- Channel broadcasting (radio and TV)
Simple Method of Operation
- One-way transmission
- Duplex: Simultaneous transmission in one way
- Half-duplex: Simultaneous
Dijkstra’s and Multistage Graph Algorithms in C
Dijkstra’s Algorithm Implementation in C
This code implements Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the shortest path between vertices in a graph. It takes an adjacency matrix as input, where each cell arr[i][j] represents the weight of the edge between vertex i and vertex j. If there is no edge, the value is 0.
#include <stdio.h>
int n; // Global variable for the number of vertices
void insertvalue(int arr[n][n]) {
int i, j, val, value;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = i; j Understanding TV Signal Distribution Methods
Composite Signal TV (Composite Video)
The composite video signal includes several distinct parts:
- The video information in interlaced form.
- Pulses (not cleared) to return is visible.
- Line and field sync to maintain synchronism between the sender and receiver.
36 Shots and 12 Pauses
Antenna Signal
Cable attenuation + gain amplifier – gain attenuation cable + cable head-attenuation attenuation dealer-cable-attenuation step-step shunt-wire cable.
Distribution via Unique
It is most used in family or single-unit
Read MoreUnderstanding Water Hardness, Softening, and Coal Analysis
Understanding Water Hardness and Treatment
Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium (e.g., Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂). It can be removed by boiling the water, which precipitates the bicarbonates as insoluble carbonates. Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved chlorides, sulfates, or nitrates of calcium and magnesium (e.g., CaCl₂, MgSO₄). It cannot be removed by boiling and requires chemical treatment for removal. Hardness is measured in various units:
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