Road Surface Treatments: Bituminous Layers and Irrigation
Road Surface Treatments Explained
Surface treatments involve applying a thin bituminous layer (1-4 cm). Their primary purposes are:
- To provide specific surface features like texture and waterproofing.
- To improve adhesion.
However, they generally do not increase the structural strength capacity or improve the evenness of the underlying pavement structure.
Gravel-Free Irrigation Methods
Black Irrigation
This involves surface irrigation on low-intensity traffic routes. It provides waterproofing, aging protection,
Read MoreConcrete Surface Repair: Strategies, Materials, and Techniques
Module 4
Concrete Surface Repair Strategies
The repair strategy is built around an existing losing stock position and is constructed by purchasing one call option and selling two call options for every 100 shares of stock owned. We use repair strategies when there is a communication breakdown. We can also use repair strategies to prevent a communication breakdown. For example, a miscommunication, a word or phrase that was not clear, not being able to hear the speaker, not understanding the speaker,
Read MoreUrban Street Design Elements: Medians, Parking, and Lanes
Medians and Central Reservations
The median or central reservation is defined as the longitudinal separation between carriageways on very wide streets when they are not passable. Its installation has advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
- Increased safety measures.
- Allows for future expansion of roadways.
- Provides visual separation (rupture).
- Serves as a pedestrian refuge.
- Acts as a barrier to nuisance traffic.
Disadvantages:
- Decreases the useful section of the road.
- Can sometimes be a barrier to the movement
Transportation Engineering: Key Concepts and Applications
Transportation Engineering: Key Concepts
In transportation engineering, the Level of Service (LOS) is a framework used to evaluate the quality of traffic flow on transportation systems, such as roads, highways, and intersections. It is defined in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) and serves as a critical tool for planning, designing, and managing transportation infrastructure.
Level of Service (LOS) Grades
- LOS A:
- Free-flow conditions with no congestion.
- High speeds, minimal delays, and full freedom to
Understanding Prestressed Concrete: Principles and Methods
Prestressed Concrete (PSC)
For long-span beams, prestressed concrete (PSC) is used because prestressing prevents cracking. This is achieved by applying an initial compressive load, or ‘prestress,’ using high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member. This counteracts or neutralizes the tensile stresses that arise during its service life.
PSC +
- PSC sections remain uncracked under service loads, reducing the risk of steel corrosion and improving durability. The uncracked section provides higher stiffness
Concrete Cracks: Identification, Monitoring, and Repair Methods
Understanding Concrete Cracks: Types and Causes
A “crack” is a complete or incomplete separation of a structure into two or more parts due to breaking or fracturing.
- Active Crack: Any crack where the mechanism causing the cracking is still active.
- Dormant Crack: Any crack unlikely to become active in the future, or whose movement is insignificant.
- Structural Crack: Caused by dead loads, applied forces, or other external forces, resulting from incorrect design, faulty construction, or overloading.