Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide to Drugs and Their Uses
Q1. What are the diuretics write any two drugs (examples).
Drugs promoting urine output are known as diuretic drugs, which refer only to those agents that act directly on the kidneys. These drugs primarily increase the excretion of water and ions like sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-, or bicarbonates HCO3-) from the body. Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in kidneys determine the excretion of substances. It is also employed in the treatment of various disorders like diabetes
Read MoreAtomic Structure and the Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic Structure
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus defines the element. This is called the atomic number (Z).
Mass Number (A)
The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the mass number (A).
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons.
Chemical Element
A pure substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number.
Rutherford’s Experiment (1910)
Ernest Rutherford’s experiment revealed
Read MoreProperties and Laws of Gases
Gases
These particles, which can be very small atoms or molecules, are in continuous motion and constantly collide.
Features
- Expands to fill the container that contains them spontaneously (the volume of gas is equal to that of the recipient).
- Are compressible.
- Gases form homogeneous mixtures with each other regardless of the identities or related properties of the gases.
- The molecules of gases are relatively far apart.
- They can be modeled with repeated molecular arrangements.
- Each particle is completely
Classification and Production of Non-Ferrous Metals
Classification of Non-Ferrous Metals by Density
Non-ferrous metals are classified into three categories based on their density:
Heavy
Density is equal to or greater than 5 kg/dm3.
Light
Density is between 2 and 5 kg/dm3.
Ultralight
Density is less than 2 kg/dm3.
Tin
Pure tin has a very bright color. At room temperature, it oxidizes and loses its brilliance. It is very pliable and soft at room temperature, but weak and brittle when hot. Below -18°C, it begins to decompose and become gray. This is called
Read MoreElements and Compounds: A Concise Guide
Emulsions
Have you ever noticed the two layers of liquid in a bottle of salad dressing? What can you do to the bottle to mix the oil and water together? Oil floats on top of water. The liquids are immiscible. They only mix when you shake them up. Then the oil and water mix as tiny blobs. This type of mixture is called an emulsion.
What happens when you leave the emulsion to stand for a while? Salad cream is an emulsion. Does it separate out into two layers, like salad dressing? You don’t have to shake
Read MoreOrganic Chemistry: Concepts and Applications
What is Ozonolysis? with examples?
Ozonolysis is a method of oxidatively cleaving alkenes or alkynes using ozone, a reactive allotrope of oxygen. The process allows for carbon-carbon double or triple bonds to be replaced by double bonds with oxygen. This reaction is often used to identify the structure of unknown alkenes. by breaking them down into smaller, more easily identifiable pieces. Ozonolysis also occurs naturally and would break down repeated units used in rubber and other polymers. On an
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