Organic Chemistry: Concepts and Applications
What is Ozonolysis? with examples?
Ozonolysis is a method of oxidatively cleaving alkenes or alkynes using ozone, a reactive allotrope of oxygen. The process allows for carbon-carbon double or triple bonds to be replaced by double bonds with oxygen. This reaction is often used to identify the structure of unknown alkenes. by breaking them down into smaller, more easily identifiable pieces. Ozonolysis also occurs naturally and would break down repeated units used in rubber and other polymers. On an
Read MoreUnderstanding Wine Acidity, Sugar, and Sulfites
1. Acidity in Wine
Total Acidity
Total acidity is the sum of all free acid functions present in must or wine. It is determined by titration and expressed in g/L of tartaric acid (in France, in g/L of sulfuric acid). Must have a total acidity greater than or equal to 4.5 g/L tartaric acid.
Volatile Acidity
Volatile acidity is the sum of acids belonging to the acetic series present in wine in both free and salified states. It is expressed in g/L of acetic acid (in France, in g/L of sulfuric acid) and
Read MoreIntroduction to Carbon Compounds: Structures, Isomerism, and Reactions
Question 1
a-c b-d 3-b 4-a
Question 2: Electron Dot Structures
Draw an electron dot structure of the following molecules (without showing the circles):
a. Methane
Answer:
Molecular formula: CH4
b. Ethene
Answer:
Molecular formula: H2C = CH2
c. Methanol
Answer:
Molecular formula: H3C – OH
d. Water
Answer:
Molecular formula: H2O
Question 3: Structural Formulae
Draw all possible structural formulae of compounds from their molecular formula given below.
a. C3H8
b. C4H10
c. C3H4
Answer:
a. C3H8 Propane:
b. C4H10 Butane:
c.
Read MoreThe Nature and Properties of Materials
The Nature of Materials
Structure:
Arrangement of the internal components of a material.
Atomic number Z:
Atomic property equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
Atomic radius R:
Atomic property equal to the distance from the center of an atom to its boundaries.
Electric charge Q:
Atomic property by which matter in an electric field experiences a force.
Ion:
An atom which required a net electric charge by gaining or losing electrons.
Electronegativity:
Tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards
Read MoreUnderstanding Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Fertility
Chemical, Biological, and Soil Fertility
Agricultural Chemistry Fundamentals
- Studying agricultural chemistry involves:
a) the formation, properties, and transformation of matter
b) the art of cultivating the land
c) the constitution, properties, and processing of materials related to the generation and modification of agricultural products
d) the entire universe. - ________________ considers water as the main food for plants, initiated studies of the plant-soil relationship, and invented the word “Gas”.
Stereochemistry and Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry
Stereochemistry & Conformation Recap
Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry explores the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules. Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements. Stereoisomers maintain the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images, while diastereomers have different spatial arrangements but are not mirror images.
Chirality arises when a molecule or ion is not superimposable on its
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