A Comprehensive Guide to Clean Energy Technologies and CO2 Reduction Strategies

Posted by on Aug 7, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

1. Gas-Steam Systems Integrated with Coal Gasification: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Parameters

Gas-steam systems integrated with coal gasification offer a power efficiency of up to 300MW. These systems utilize a fuel mix comprising 55% coal and 36% petrochemical residues, yielding 40% chemicals, 30% Fischer-Tropsch liquid products, and 18% electricity.

Advantages:

  • One of the cleanest coal-based technologies.
  • Compatible with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
  • Production of valuable chemicals and liquid
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Acids, Bases, Salts, and Electrochemistry: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted by on Aug 6, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids

Acids are substances that can donate protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water. They are characterized by the presence of hydrogen ions in their molecules.

Examples of acids:

  • Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • Nitric acid (HNO3)
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Bases

Bases are substances that can accept protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water. They are characterized by the presence of hydroxide ions (OH-) in their molecules.

Examples of bases:

  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
  • Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
  • Ammonium
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An Introduction to Polymers: Types, Classifications, and Applications

Posted by on Aug 6, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Polymers

1. Definition

In chemistry, polymers are large molecules (macromolecules), usually organic, formed by the joining of smaller molecules called monomers.

2. Classification

2.1. Depending on their Origin

  • Natural polymers: Many polymers occur naturally, and biomolecules that make up living things are polymeric macromolecules. For example: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides (such as cellulose and chitin), rubber or natural rubber, lignin, etc.
  • Semi-synthetic polymers: These polymers are obtained
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Comprehensive Guide to Crude Oil Composition, Natural Gas, and Thermal Cracking Processes

Posted by on Aug 5, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Crude Oil Composition

  • -84% C, 14% H,
  • -Paraffinic/naphthenic/aromatic
  • -Higher API, lighter crude, low specific gravity, usually rich in paraffins
  • -More sulfur: sour, less: sweet
  • -Sulfur undesirable, hard to remove in thio/benzothiophenes
  • -More polycyclic aromatics: heavy, less useful products, PNA -> coke
  • -Asphaltenes clog up well/lines, resins too

Constituents of Natural Gas (>85% Methane), Dissolved/Associated

  • -Associated has more easily liquefied components

World Energy Consumption (Oil > NG >

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Theories of Acids and Bases: Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Neutralization

Posted by on Aug 4, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Theory of Ionic Dissociation of Arrhenius

This theory postulates the existence of positive and negative ions in aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes) to explain their electrical conductivity.

Acid

An electrically neutral substance that, in aqueous solution, dissociates into H+ ions (protons) and negative ions.

Base

An electrically neutral substance that, in aqueous solution, dissociates into OH- ions (hydroxyl or hydroxide) and positive ions.

According to this theory, a neutralization

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Chemistry Concepts: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted by on Aug 2, 2024 in Chemistry | 0 comments

1. Match the symbol on the left with its appropriate description on the right.
d →                 (a) A precipitate forms. 
a ↓                 (b) A gas forms. 
b ↑                (c) A reversible reaction occurs.
f (l)                (d) Heat is applied to the reactants. 
e (aq)            (e) A chemical is dissolved in water. 
c ←→            (f ) A chemical is in the liquid state. 


3. In each of the following formulas, write the total number
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