Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Hydrocarbons, and Petrochemicals
Enthalpy of a Reaction
Enthalpy Change
When a process takes place at constant pressure, the heat of reaction is called enthalpy change (ΔH). Under standard conditions (1 atm pressure and 25°C), it is written as ΔH°. Enthalpy is a relative measure of the energy of the initial or final state of a system. Therefore, it quantifies the change in enthalpy.
Enthalpy of Formation
The enthalpy of formation (ΔH0f) is the heat absorbed or released when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent
Read MoreChemical Reactions: Definition, Equation, and Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Chemical Reaction
A chemical reaction, or chemical change, is a process in which two or more substances (called reactants) transform into other substances called products due to an energy factor.
Chemical Equation
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
Classification of Chemical Reactions
By How They Perform:
- Synthesis: Elements react to form a compound.
- Decomposition: A compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.
- Replacement: An element reacts with a compound,
Electrochemistry Fundamentals: Cells, Potential, and Reactions
Fundamental Concepts of Electrochemistry
What is Electrochemistry?
Electrochemistry is the study of the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity. Advancements in this field are driving new developments in energy storage, energy conversion, catalysis, synthesis, separations, and instrumentation. Electroanalytical chemistry, a branch of analytical chemistry, uses electrochemical techniques to study and analyze substances in solution.
Common Electroanalytical Methods
- Potentiometry
- Controlled
Chemical Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, and Their Properties
IONIZATION ENERGY
The energy involved in the process by which a neutral atom of an element X, in a gaseous state, gives up an electron from its outer level and becomes a monopositive ion X+, also in a gaseous state, is called the ionization energy.
ELECTRON AFFINITY
The energy exchanged in the process by which a neutral atom of an element X, in a gaseous state, receives an electron and becomes a mononegative ion X–, also in the gaseous state, is called electron affinity.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The electronegativity
Read MoreBasic Concepts of Chemistry
n.
Principal.Capa.Valores. 1-inf.
l. Secundario.Orbital.Valores.0 – (n-1)
M
Magnetico.Orientacion orbital.Valores
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s.
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Ex:
s.0. P.1.D.2.F.3
C.Electronica
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N ° Atomico
Protons in a atomo.Z.Electrrones
No. Masica
Sum of neutrons and Prot
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atoms of an element = mass prop.
CPTs are formed by the union of simple atoms in relation num
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Dermatology Drug Formulations
Read MoreEssential Oils
The Power of Plant Essences
Aromatherapy is the treatment of ailments with highly concentrated oils extracted from plants. These extracts, called essential oils or essences, contain the substances that give plants their perfume and, therefore, their main characteristic is odor.
Essential oils are produced from tiny glands present in the petals, stem, bark, and wood of many plants and trees. In nature, these glands release aromas progressively. When crushed or heated, they explode and