Chemical Formulas: Hydrides, Oxides, and Salts

Posted by on Mar 26, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Formulas:

Hydrazide: HF – hydrofluoric acid, fluoride; HCl – hydrochloric acid, chloride, etc.

Hydrides (Non-Metallic):

  • NH3 – Ammonia
  • PH3 – Phosphine
  • AsH3 – Arsine
  • SbH3 – Stibnite
  • CH4 – Methane
  • SiH4 – Silane

Hydrides (Metallic):

  • FeH2 – Ferrous Hydride, Fe(II) Hydride
  • AlH3 – Aluminum Trihydride, Al Hydride

Oxides (Metallic):

  • Na2O – Sodium Oxide
  • NiO – Nickel Monoxide, Ni(II) Oxide

Oxides (Non-Metallic): (CN to determine their oxidation numbers: Cl, Br, I -> 1, 3, 5, 7)

  • ClO2 – Hypochlorous Anhydride, Cl(I) Oxide
  • S2O2
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Limestone, Metal Extraction & Uses: A Chemistry Exploration

Posted by on Mar 25, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Limestone and Its Uses

Limestone is made of calcium carbonate. Limestone is widely used in the building industry. The calcium carbonate in limestone breaks down when heated strongly to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The reaction is called thermal decomposition.

Reactions of Carbonates

Carbonates react with dilute acid to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide. Limewater turns cloudy in the test for carbon dioxide gas. A precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate causes the cloudiness. Metal

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Thermodynamic Processes and Refrigeration Cycle Components

Posted by on Mar 25, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Item 5: Thermodynamic Processes

  • Isothermal Process: The substance changes state without changing its thermodynamic temperature.
  • Isobaric Process: The substance changes state without changing its pressure.
  • Isochoric Process: The substance changes state without changing its specific volume.
  • Isenthalpic Process: The substance changes state without changing its heat (enthalpy).
  • Isentropic Process: The substance changes state without changing its entropy.
  • Adiabatic Process: A process in which no heat transfer
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Radical Reactions: Key Terms and Definitions

Posted by on Mar 25, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Terms for Chapter 10: Radical Reactions

Radical

(Sec 3.1A, 10.1, 10.6, 10.7): An uncharged, electron-deficient chemical species in which one or more of the valence shell orbitals contains an unpaired electron, such as the methyl radical, •CH3. Also called a free radical.


Homolysis

(Sec 3.1A, 10.1): The cleavage of a covalent bond so that each fragment departs with one of the electrons of the bond that joined them, which usually produces radicals. Also called homolytic cleavage.


Peroxide

(Sec 10.lA)

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Chemical Reactions and Processes: A Concise Overview

Posted by on Mar 24, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Chemical Equilibrium

The effect of a catalyst on a reaction mixture accelerates the reaction both directly and inversely. Equilibrium is reached more rapidly, but the catalyst does not change the amounts at equilibrium. Kc remains constant.

Factors affecting equilibrium (Le Chatelier’s principle):

  • If temperature increases, the equilibrium shifts towards the endothermic reaction.
  • If temperature decreases, the equilibrium shifts towards the exothermic reaction.

Acids and Bases

  1. Arrhenius theory does not
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Properties and Types of Metals and Alloys

Posted by on Mar 23, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Metals and Alloys

Metals and alloys are mineral materials composed of one or more metallic elements and may contain non-metallic elements in small proportions. If a material consists of a single chemical element, it is a pure metallic material. When it consists of more than one chemical element, it is an alloy.

Pure Metals

Pure metals are rarely obtained directly from nature. Isolating them from the minerals they contain requires complex transformation processes.

Properties:

  • High hardness.
  • Suitable for
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