Chapter 5: Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules – Key Terms
Terms for Chapter 5: Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules
C
Chirality (Sec 5.1, 5.3, 5.6): The property of nonidentity of an object with its mirror image.
Chirality center (Sec 5.3, 5.12, 5.17): A tetrahedral atom with four different groups attached to it, so that interchanging any two groups produces a stereoisomer.
Chiral molecule (Sec 5.3, 5.10, 5.12): A molecule that is not superposable on its mirror image, that has handedness, and an enantiomer of the molecule exists.
cis-trans Isomers (Sec 1.13B,
Read MoreIntroduction to Chemistry: A Comprehensive Guide
Properties of Matter
Properties used to describe matter can be classified as extensive or intensive. Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition. Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible.
Mixtures
Mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous mixtures or as homogeneous mixtures, based on the distribution of their components. Differences in physical properties
Read MoreGenomic DNA Isolation from Cheek Epithelium: A Step-by-Step Guide
Genomic DNA Isolation from Cheek Epithelium
Exercise 1: Isolation of Genomic DNA from Cells of Cheek Epithelium
Isolation and purification of nucleic acids is the first phase of the majority of procedures applied in molecular biology. Obtaining some pure material, regardless of its origin, is the basic aim of such works. There are many methods of nucleic acid isolation and purification, and a choice of the most suitable method depends on:
- the analyzed nucleic acid (RNA/DNA),
- an organism that the genetic
Alkene and Alkyne Reactions: A Comprehensive Guide
Terms for Chapter 7: Alkenes & Alkynes I: Reactions of Alkyl Halides
E-Z System (Sec 7.2)
System for specifying double-bond configuration that is an alternative to cis-trans notation. Rank is determined by the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system. When higher-ranked substituents are on the same side of the double bond, the configuration is Z. When higher-ranked substituents are on opposite sides, the configuration is E.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Notation (Sec 5.7, 7.2)
System for specifying the absolute configuration
Read MoreIsolation of Genomic DNA from Cheek Epithelium Cells
Exercise 1
Isolation of Genomic DNA from Cells of Cheek Epithelium
Isolation and purification of nucleic acids is the first phase of the majority of procedures applied in molecular biology. Obtaining some pure material, regardless of its origin, is the basic aim of such works. There are many methods of nucleic acid isolation and purification and a choice of the most suitable method depends on: the analyzed nucleic acid (RNA/DNA), an organism that the genetic material is taken from (plant, animal,
Read MoreAtomic Theory: From Ancient Greece to Modern Chemistry
The Atom: From Ancient Greece to Modern Chemistry
The Atom in Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek philosophers debated the nature of matter. Some of their most relevant ideas were:
Leucippus and Democritus
In the 5th century BC, Leucippus proposed that matter was composed of a single type, and dividing it into smaller and smaller parts would eventually result in an indivisible piece. Democritus called these pieces “atoms,” meaning “no division.” Their atomistic philosophy can be summarized as follows:
- Atoms