The History and Evolution of Chemistry: From Alchemy to Modern Science
The History and Evolution of Chemistry
From Alchemy to Modern Science
Jabir ibn Hayyan: The Father of Chemistry
Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), a Persian alchemist, is often considered the “father of chemistry”. His experimental research in the 9th century laid the foundations for the modern scientific method in chemistry. Unlike the ancient Greek and Egyptian alchemists, whose works were largely allegorical and often unintelligible, Jābir introduced a systematic and experimental approach based in the
Read MoreOrganic Chemistry: Key Terms for Reactions & Mechanisms
Terms for Chapter 3: Introduction to Organic Reactions & Mechanisms: Acids & Bases
Substitution Reaction (Sec 3.1, 6.2, 10.3, 13.2): A reaction in which an atom or group in a compound is replaced by another atom or group.
Addition Reaction (Sec 3.1, 8.1, 13.2): A reaction which increases the number of atoms or groups that are attached to a pair of atoms joined by a double or triple bond; all parts of the adding reagent appear in the product, and two molecules become one.
Elimination Reaction
Read MoreUnderstanding Chemical Bonds, Atomic Structure, and Periodic Trends
Chemical Formulas and Compounds
Chemical Formula Parts
- Elements
- Number of Atoms
- Charge
Molecular Compounds
- Compounds formed of two or more nonmetals.
Formula Unit
- The basic unit of ionic compounds.
- The smallest electrically neutral collection of ions.
Diatomic Elements
- F, Cl, Br, I, N, O, H
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Why are Bigger Bonds Stronger?
- Both atoms’ nuclei are attracted to shared electrons.
Ionic Compounds at Room Temperature
- Phase: Solid
- Why? With strong bonds, oppositely charged ions pack tightly together
Introduction to Biology and Chemistry: Exam Review and Key Concepts
Exam 1
DNA and RNA
DNA: A G T C
RNA: U C A G
Organic Molecules and Polymers
Most pesticides are organic molecules.
True or False: All cell walls are made of carbohydrates. True
True or False: All biomolecules are polymers. False
Redox Reactions and Electricity
True or False: A battery uses redox reactions to generate electricity. True
True or False: Oxidation and reduction have to happen together. True
True or False: The term “organic” when referring to molecules means they are not harmful. False
Review Questions
- True
Introduction to Chemistry: Ions, Reactions, and Radioactivity
Name & Formula
1. Phosphate Ion: PO43-
2. Nitrate Ion: NO3–
3. Hydroxide Ion: OH–
4. Carbonate Ion: CO32-
5. Ammonium Ion: NH4+
6. Potassium Oxide: K2O
7. Aluminum Sulfate: Al2(SO4)3
8. Calcium Iodide: CaI2
9. Phosphorus Trichloride: PCl3
10. Carbon Disulfide: CS2
Oxidation and Reduction
1. Oxidation is defined as: Loss of electrons
2. Reduction is defined as: Gain of electrons
Reaction Analysis: Cu + 2 AgNO3 ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
3. What is being oxidized? Cu
4. What is being reduced? Ag+ in AgNO3
5. Which way
Read MoreUnderstanding Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Chemistry Fundamentals
Air Pollution and Climate Change
Understanding the Basics
1. Lewis Dot Structure for SO3
(Insert image of Lewis Dot Structure for SO3 here)
2. Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is energy in waves that travel at light speed.
3. Ozone Protection
Ozone protects us from ultraviolet radiation.
4. CFCs and Their Uses
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) were used as refrigerants in air conditioners and propellants in spray cans. (Insert image of CFC structure here)
5. The Ozone Hole
The “hole” in the ozone
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