Understanding Solutions, Solubility, and Water Properties
Q. 1. Explain the terms
(i) Solution
(ii) Solute
(iii) Solvent
Ans.
(i) A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components whose composition may be gradually changed by changing the relative amounts of components.
(ii) A solute is the substance that dissolves in the solvent.
(iii) A solvent is the medium that allows one or more components to dissolve in it to form a solution.
Q. 2. Explain any three factors which affect the solubility of a solid solute in a solvent.
Ans. The factors that affect
Read MoreWastewater Treatment and Quality: A Comprehensive Guide
What is Wastewater and Its Purpose?
Wastewater is defined as water that has been used for various purposes, incorporating substances that impair its original quality (pollution) and reducing its potential for further use. Its treatment serves two main purposes: protecting public health and preserving water resources.
Types of Wastewater
Domestic Sewage
Domestic sewage originates primarily from residential sources (human waste, bathrooms, kitchens) and similar uses. It is typically collected by sewage
Read MoreQualitative Salt Analysis Cheatsheet
Anions
Test mentioned next to group is the preliminary test; the ones mentioned under an anion are confirmatory tests for it.
Group I (Dilute H2SO4 Group)
CO32- (Carbonate), SO32- (Sulphite), S2- (Sulphide), NO2– (Nitrite)
Preliminary Test: Salt + Dilute H2SO4
- No reaction: Group I anion not present. Continue to Group II.
- Carbonate: Colourless and odourless gas (CO2)
- WE1 + MgSO4 = White precipitate
- Sulphite: Colourless gas with pungent smell
- WE + BaCl2 (aq) = White precipitate soluble in dilute HCl
- WE + Acidified
Introduction to Chemistry: Key Concepts and Principles
Chemical Reactions
Four observations suggesting a chemical reaction:
- Evolution of energy as heat and light
- Production of gas
- Change in color
- Formation of a precipitate
Balanced Chemical Equations:
Represent the identities and relative amounts of reactants and products using symbols and formulas.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
States of Matter
Explains the properties of gases, liquids, and solids.
Gases
- Describes a model of an ideal gas.
- Gases consist of numerous tiny, fast-moving particles far apart relative to their
Understanding Fats, Oils, and Chemical Structures: A Comprehensive Guide
Fixed Fats and Oils
Fixed fats and oils, also known as triglycerides, are esters of glycerol and fatty acids. They are non-volatile and non-polar, and are commonly found in plants and animals.
Types of Fats and Oils
- Animal Fats: Derived from animals (e.g., lard, tallow).
- Vegetable Oils: Derived from plants (e.g., soybean oil, coconut oil).
- Marine Oils: Derived from marine sources (e.g., fish oil).
Properties of Fats and Oils
- Melting Point: Varies with fatty acid composition.
- Solubility: Insoluble in water,
Atoms, Molecules, and Laws of Chemical Combinations
Atoms and Molecules
Laws of Chemical Combinations
Before Dalton’s concept, the atom was a mere philosophical idea. Dalton explained the atom based on the Laws of Chemical Combinations. There are three laws of chemical combination:
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions
- Law of Multiple Proportions
Law of Conservation of Mass
Antoine L. Lavoisier, a French scientist, established the Law of Conservation of Mass. This law states: “Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction”
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