Organic & Inorganic Compounds: Structures & Properties
Organic Compounds
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
Also contain other nonmetals
O, S, N, P
Found in gasoline, medicines, shampoos, plastics, perfumes
Covalent bonds
Low melting and boiling points
Flammable & undergo combustion
Not soluble in water
Inorganic Compounds
High melting and boiling points
Ionic: soluble in water/ do not burn in air
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
1:meth, 2:eth, 3:prop, 4:but, 5:pent, 6:hex, 7:hept, 8:oct, 9:non, 10:dec
Alkanes: single bond hydrocarbon
“ane” – methane
Saturated: maximum amount
Dalton’s Atomic Theory and the Structure of Matter
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Dalton’s hypothesis was based on the following premises:
- Elements are made of atoms, which are independent material particles, unchanging and indivisible.
- Atoms of the same element are equal in mass and other properties.
- Atoms of different elements have different masses and properties.
- Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of the corresponding elements based on a ratio of simple integers.
Definitions from Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- An atom is the smallest particle of an element
Chemical Bonds: Types, Properties, and Theories
Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bond: The noble gases and metal fumes are composed of isolated atoms. Atoms can be closely allied and may be atoms of the same element or belong to different elements. A chemical bond is any mechanism of ligation or chemical bonding between atoms. These chemical bonds between atoms are formed and broken in chemical reactions. The formation of bonds results from a favorable energy balance; the bonded atoms form a system with less energy (more stable) than separated atoms.
Atoms
Read MoreCycloalkanes, Arenes, and PAHs: Reactions, Synthesis, and Uses
Cycloalkanes
What are Cycloalkanes?
Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing a ring of carbon atoms with the general formula CnH2n.
Methods of Preparation (Synthesis Reactions)
- Cyclization of Alkenes: Alkenes can undergo cyclization reactions to form cycloalkanes.
Example: Cyclohexane synthesis from hexene
n-Hexene → Cyclohexane - Cyclization of Alkynes: Alkynes can undergo cyclization reactions to form cycloalkanes.
Example: Cyclohexane synthesis from hexyne
Hexyne → Cyclohexane - Friedel-Crafts
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Structures, Functional Groups, and Isomers
Basic Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to form very stable chains and rings. These structures can combine with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Understanding organic chemistry is essential to understanding the molecular basis of the chemistry of life: Biochemistry.
General
The main differences between organic and inorganic compounds are due to changes in the composition, the type of
Read MoreIntroduction to Biological Macromolecules and Chemical Reactions
Biological Macromolecules
Monomers and Polymers
Biological macromolecules are large molecules that are essential for life. They are typically polymers, which are made up of repeating units called monomers. The number of monomers in a polymer determines its classification:
- Monomer: 1 part
- Dimer: 2 parts
- Trimer: 3 parts
- Oligomer: 4-10 parts
- Polymer: More than 10 parts
Examples of Biological Macromolecules
| Category | Monomer | Dimer | Polymer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proteins | Amino Acids | Dipeptide | Polypeptide (Protein) |
| Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides | Disaccharides | Polysaccharide |