Iron and Calcium: Properties, Reactions, and Effects
The Iron Cation
Pure iron is a silvery-white, tenacious, and ductile metal. Commercial iron is rarely pure and often contains small amounts of carbides, silicides, phosphides, and sulfides of iron, and a bit of graphite. Iron dissolves in diluted hydrochloric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, diluted with hydrogen evolution, and the formation of ferrous salt. With hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, it produces sulfur dioxide and ferric sulfate. Under experimental conditions with concentrated nitric
Read MoreChemical Elements, Bonds, and Structures: A Comprehensive Study
Chemical Elements and the Periodic System
Chemical elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. There are about a hundred chemical elements. Of these elements, an impressive variety of compounds is created, such as minerals, biochemical substances that produce chemical products, and technology. All known compounds are composed of atoms of elements combined together. To understand how to combine elements, it is essential to know their properties.
The Periodic System
The
Read MoreMetal Extraction and Processing: From Ore to Finished Product
Metal Extraction and Processing
10. Factors Determining Profitable Ore Extraction
Profitability in ore extraction depends on several key factors:
- Location: Depth, land consistency, ease of transport, etc.
- Extraction Method: Quarrying, mining, etc.
- Gangue and Ore Quality: A minimum concentration of 40-50% is often required, with low sulfur content.
- Socioeconomic Factors: Current supply and demand.
Role of Limestone and Coke in Cast Iron Production
Coke, produced by coal combustion, provides the heat for
Read MoreUnderstanding Lewis Structures, Resonance, and Hybridization
Lewis Structures of Bonding Electrons
Lewis Structures represent bonding electrons, non-bonding electrons (lone pairs), and the dipole moment. The dipole moment is the product of the electric charge and the length of the bond. Elements with higher electronegativity attract electrons more strongly.
Writing Lewis Structures
- Write the basic structure of the compound, joining the atoms together. The less electronegative atom tends to go in the center.
- Count the total number of valence electrons present.
Barometers, Natural Gas, and LPG: Properties and Uses
What is a Barometer, How Does it Work, and What is its Origin?
The barometer, invented by Evangelista Torricelli, measures the force per unit area exerted by the weight of the atmosphere, known as atmospheric pressure. Torricelli’s barometer used a mercury-filled tube approximately 76 inches high, balanced by atmospheric pressure. His studies indicated that air exerts a pressure of 1,033 grams per square centimeter (1.033 g/cm2).
What are the Differences Between Mercury and Aneroid Barometers?
A mercury
Read MoreChemical Elements and the Periodic Table: Properties and Structure
Metals and Non-Metals
Since antiquity, items such as gold, silver, etc. have been discovered over time. Up to now, more than 100 have been identified. A first classification of items, focusing on appearance and physical properties, allows for 2 groups: metals and non-metals.
Metals and Non-Metals
To distinguish one from the other, we will name characteristics that make them different:
Metallic Elements
- Have a characteristic brightness.
- Are opaque and good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Are usually