Chemical Properties and Reactions: Elements, Compounds, and Laws
Periodic Properties of Elements
Atomic Radius
The atomic radius is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the area corresponding to the outermost level. Over a period, the radius decreases from left to right.
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to form an ion (cation); the energy that must be delivered to an isolated atom to remove an electron. The ionization increases from left to right, and in a group, it decreases from top to bottom.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Read MoreChemical Bonding: Types, Properties, and Structures
Unit 2: Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bond – Lattice Energy
Where K is Coulomb’s constant, Z represents the charges of the ions, e is the absolute value of the electron charge, N is Avogadro’s number, d is the internuclear distance, m is the Madelung constant, and ε is the Born exponent.
Born-Haber Cycle and Lattice Energy
The Born-Haber cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that analyzes all the processes involved in the formation of one mole of an ionic compound from its constituent elements in their most stable
Read MoreUnderstanding Matter and Energy: Properties, Laws, and Atomic Structure
**Physical Property**
All properties of matter are subject to the scientific method: observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, communication of results, and extraction of conclusions.
**Physics**
Studies the changes in materials in which the substances are not transformed into other new substances.
**Chemistry**
Studies the transformations that substances can experience: structure, composition, and properties.
**Absolute Error**
The difference in absolute value between the approximate value
Read MoreChemical Reaction Rates: Factors and Catalysis
Chemical Reaction Rate
Experience indicates that the rate at which reactants are transformed into products varies greatly from one reaction to another. Some reactions are extremely slow, while others are almost instantaneous. The rate of a reaction is a positive quantity that expresses the change of concentration of a reactant or product over time.
Measuring the Rate of Reaction
The rate can be found at a particular moment, called the instantaneous rate. The rate of a reaction at a given instant is
Read MoreUnderstanding Chemical Changes and Thermodynamics
Understanding Chemical Changes
One change is the transformation of a system over time. Type: Physical change: No change of the material (mechanical, electricity, magnetism, chemical, …). Change: This involves a modified form and has associated energy changes. He studied chemistry and thermodynamics (thermochemistry). The matters that become known as the reagents and obtained products. The change is the process or chemical reaction.
Chemical Laws
Chemical rearrangement of atoms = Change = link restructuring
Read MoreUnderstanding Battery Types and Their Functions
BATTERIES
A battery is a series of electrolytic cells used to generate a continuous electrical current or direct current. There are primary cells and secondary cells. Commonly called primary cells or batteries, they produce electricity through an irreversible chemical process and, when depleted, must be removed and replaced. Secondary cells, commonly called accumulators, operate on a reversible principle and can be recharged by connecting them to an adequate source of electrical power.
Every cell
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