Essential Vocabulary: Definitions and Synonyms

Posted by on Apr 1, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Vocabulary Definitions and Equivalents

Golden Age
Period of great cultural flourishing.
Anything but
Definitely not.
Discovery
Act of finding.
To sustain
To support.
To lay the foundation for
Set the conditions for something.
Daily
Every day.
Soap
A substance used for washing.
To stretch
Spread out, expand.
Border
Frontier line.
At the height of
At the most advanced or intense point.
Massive
Huge.
To fuel
Give energy to; encourage.
Growth
Increase in size.
From far and wide
From everywhere; from many different places.
Trade
Exchange
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Confined Spaces: Hazards, Risks, and Safety Measures

Posted by on Mar 31, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Confined Spaces: Definition and Examples

A confined space is any space with limited openings for entry and exit, where an employee can fully enter. These spaces often have unfavorable natural ventilation, allowing pollutants to accumulate, creating toxic, flammable, or oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Confined spaces are not designed for continuous human occupancy.

NIOSH Definition of Confined Space

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines a confined space as any space

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Key Chemistry Concepts and Formulas

Posted by on Mar 31, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Conversions

  • Celsius to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5) * C + 32
  • Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273

Atomic Structure

  • Atomic Mass: Protons + Neutrons (upper left symbol)
  • Atomic Number: Protons (bottom left symbol)

Constants

  • Planck’s Constant (h): 6.6260755 x 10-34 J*s

Photons

  • Energy of a Photon: E = hv or E = hc / wavelength

Electronic Transitions

  • Absorption: When energy is absorbed by the hydrogen atom, the electron is excited to a higher energy level or orbital.
  • Emission: When the electron relaxes from a higher energy orbital
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Chemical Bonds: Polarity, Metallic & Intermolecular Forces

Posted by on Mar 31, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Polar Covalent Bonds and Polarity

Polarization of Bonds: A polar bond forms when two atoms with different electronegativity come together. This results in partial charges appearing at the ends of the bond. A bond is more polarized the greater the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms. This difference indicates the percentage of ionic character in the covalent bond.

Polar Molecules

A diatomic molecule is polar if its bond is polarized. For a polyatomic molecule to have a molecular dipole

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Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Solutions

Posted by on Mar 31, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Elements and Atoms

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element.

Atomic Structure

Atoms have a very dense center called the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.

  • Protons are positively charged (+).
  • Neutrons are neutral (no charge).
  • Electrons are negatively charged (-).

You can tell how many protons an atom has by looking at the periodic table (the atomic number

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Understanding Metallurgy: Processes, Techniques, and Applications

Posted by on Mar 30, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Metallurgy: An Overview

Metallurgy is the science and technology of metals. Metals are electropositive, meaning they tend to lose electrons. They conduct heat and electricity, and possess a solid-state crystal structure where atoms are arranged in a regular network. Metals are generally isotropic, exhibiting identical properties in all directions.

A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with a consistent composition within a defined range. An ore is a mineral deposit with a concentration of a

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