Metallic Bonds: Properties, Theories, and Characteristics
Properties of Metals
Metals, identified by their group number in the periodic table, share a set of similar properties:
- Electrical and thermal conductivity
- Metallic luster
- Malleability
- Ductility
Metals are electropositive, forming cations. They have few electrons in their valence shell. Their valence load results in positive oxidation numbers, and they are easily oxidized. All metals are solid at ambient temperature and pressure, except for mercury, which is liquid. These properties are due to their structure
Read MoreAtomic Models and Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic Models Through History
Dalton’s Atomic Model (1808)
Dalton proposed that matter is formed of small particles called atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible. He stated that all atoms of the same element are identical and that atoms of different elements are distinguished by their mass and properties. Therefore, all atoms of the same element have the same properties.
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model (1904)
Thomson suggested that the atom was a positively charged solid sphere in which electrons
Read MoreSteel Production and Ferrous Metals: Processes and Types
Blast Furnace Operation
- The raw material, consisting of iron ore (60%), coking coal (30%), and flux (10%), is introduced into the blast furnace.
- The furnace operates continuously.
- As the load descends from the top, its temperature increases until it reaches the bosh. Here, the temperature reaches 1650°C, and liquid iron is deposited in the crucible.
- The flux reacts with the ore to form slag, which floats on the molten iron. Slag is removed through a hole called the slag runner. This slag is used to
Iron and Calcium: Properties, Reactions, and Effects
The Iron Cation
Pure iron is a silvery-white, tenacious, and ductile metal. Commercial iron is rarely pure and often contains small amounts of carbides, silicides, phosphides, and sulfides of iron, and a bit of graphite. Iron dissolves in diluted hydrochloric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, diluted with hydrogen evolution, and the formation of ferrous salt. With hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, it produces sulfur dioxide and ferric sulfate. Under experimental conditions with concentrated nitric
Read MoreChemical Elements, Bonds, and Structures: A Comprehensive Study
Chemical Elements and the Periodic System
Chemical elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. There are about a hundred chemical elements. Of these elements, an impressive variety of compounds is created, such as minerals, biochemical substances that produce chemical products, and technology. All known compounds are composed of atoms of elements combined together. To understand how to combine elements, it is essential to know their properties.
The Periodic System
The
Read MoreMetal Extraction and Processing: From Ore to Finished Product
Metal Extraction and Processing
10. Factors Determining Profitable Ore Extraction
Profitability in ore extraction depends on several key factors:
- Location: Depth, land consistency, ease of transport, etc.
- Extraction Method: Quarrying, mining, etc.
- Gangue and Ore Quality: A minimum concentration of 40-50% is often required, with low sulfur content.
- Socioeconomic Factors: Current supply and demand.
Role of Limestone and Coke in Cast Iron Production
Coke, produced by coal combustion, provides the heat for
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