The 18th Century: Scientific Revolution and the Birth of Modern Chemistry
The Age of Enlightenment
The eighteenth century, known as the Age of Enlightenment, saw a wave of new ideas sweeping across Europe. This intellectual movement promoted modernization and a rejection of the Old Regime. Monarchies, influenced by these new ideas, implemented financial and educational reforms. This system of government was characterized as enlightened despotism, aiming to maintain the status quo of class domination and the perpetuation of their economic privileges. Meanwhile, the bourgeoisie,
Read MoreSolubility, Polymorphism, HLB Scale, and More in Chemistry
Factors Affecting Gas Solubility in Liquids
Here are the factors that affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid:
Physical Factors
- Temperature: An increase in temperature generally decreases the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
- Pressure: An increase in pressure generally increases the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
- Surface Area: An increase in the surface area of the liquid can increase the solubility of the gas.
Chemical Factors
- Polarity of the Liquid: Polar liquids tend to dissolve polar gases more
Solubility, Polymorphism, and Phase Transitions in Chemistry
Factors Affecting Gas Solubility in Liquids
Physical Factors
- Temperature
- Pressure
Chemical Factors
- Polarity of the Liquid
- Chemical Reactivity
- Presence of Other Solutes
Thermodynamic Factors
- Henry’s Law Constant
- Entropy Change
- Enthalpy Change
Other Factors
- Salting Out Effect
- Complexation
- Surfactants
Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution.
Mathematical Expression of Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s Law can be mathematically
Read MoreProperties and Applications of Essential Metals
Magnesium
Minerals
Magnesium silicates
Process of Production
- Heat Treatment: Heat in an electric oven at a high temperature to obtain magnesium metal.
- Electrolysis: Cast magnesium chloride undergoes electrolysis to produce cast magnesium.
Properties
Bright white, very light, soft, malleable, slightly ductile, unalterable in dry air, corrodes in humid air, and reacts with O2 in powder form.
Applications
Pyrotechnics, reducing agent, refractory furnaces, agriculture, chemical industry, construction, and sports.
Read MoreUnderstanding Homogeneous Mixtures and Solutions
Homogeneous mixtures are uniform; that is, any portion has the same composition and properties. The blended components cannot be distinguished even with the aid of an electron microscope, which is the most powerful.
Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions. Depending on the physical state of the mixture, solutions can be gaseous, liquid, or solid.
Gaseous Solutions
A set consisting of gases, such as the atmosphere, is made of 71% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases.
Solid Solutions or Alloys
Alloys
Sugar Production: From Cane Cultivation to Crystallization
**Sugar: From Field to Table**
Sugar, also known as sucrose (C12H22O11), is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. It is commonly referred to as table sugar. Sucrose is primarily obtained from sugar cane or beets. In industrial settings, the term “sugar” or “sugars” may refer to various monosaccharides and disaccharides, which generally have a sweet taste. However, by extension, it refers to all carbohydrates.
Sugar can caramelize when heated above its decomposition point, resulting in a
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