Polymers: Types, Properties, and Applications
Polymers: Types, Properties, and Uses
A polymer is a macromolecule composed of long chains in repeated units known as monomers.
Classification of Polymers
According to their source:
- Natural: Found in nature, formed by living things (e.g., proteins and cellulose).
- Artificial: Obtained from natural polymers through chemical modification (e.g., celluloid).
- Synthetic: Result from human design and manufacture (e.g., polyvinyl chloride or PVC).
According to their physical properties:
- Elastomers: Possess high
Fuel Types, Properties, Combustion, and Lubrication
Fuel Types
- Solid
- Natural
- Artificial
- Liquid
- Alcohols
- Waste
- Derived from petroleum
- Gaseous
- Waste
- Natural gas
- Liquefied Gases
- Artificial
- Biogas
Properties of Fuels
- Density: The amount of mass per unit volume, measured in kg/dm3.
- Viscosity: The physical measurement of the resistance of a liquid to flow when an external force is applied.
- Kinematic viscosity: The ratio of absolute viscosity and density, both measured at the same temperature.
- Calorific Value (for liquid fuel): Indicates the amount of heat released when
Understanding Heat, Temperature, and Thermodynamics
Venturi Tube and Thermodynamics
A Venturi tube is used to measure the velocity of liquids circulating inside a pressure pipe. It is also based on Bernoulli’s principle: when a liquid passes through this section, its pressure decreases, and its speed increases.
Thermodynamics is the part of physics that studies heat, and the difference between heat and temperature. Benjamin Thompson discovered that friction produces heat. Heat is the sum of all kinetic energy of the molecules. Temperature is a measure
Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonds: Properties
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bond: A transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal, both achieving a stable configuration. It consists of the union of atoms with opposite electrical charges, held together by forces of electrostatic attraction. This attraction occurs in three dimensions, forming a compact, three-dimensional, neutral lattice of alternating cations and anions.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
- Solid substances at room temperature, existing in a crystal lattice.
- Very high melting and boiling points,
Medications: Properties, Uses, and Storage
Fluconazole
Fluconazole, commonly known as Diflucan, is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of both systemic and superficial fungal infections in a variety of tissues. It was initially approved by the FDA in 1990. This drug is an azole antifungal, in the same drug family as ketoconazole and itraconazole. Fluconazole has many advantages over the other antifungal drugs, including the option of oral administration. The side effect profile of this drug is minimal. It has been demonstrated as an
Read MoreMaterial Science: Structure, Families, and Properties Explained
Material Structure and Composition
Structure of Materials: The structure of a material depends mainly on the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules that constitute a solid element and the binding forces between them. This arrangement allows for a three-dimensional object to be formed. Materials with a crystalline structure are called solid or crystalline materials, such as some metals and ceramics.
Material Families and Their Characteristics
Families: Materials are characterized and grouped into
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