Electrolysis Fundamentals: Product Prediction and Applications
Electricity and Chemistry: Electrolysis Explained
Electrolysis is a method used to decompose chemical compounds using electricity. It involves two electrodes:
- Cathode: The negative electrode where reduction occurs. Generally, metals or hydrogen are formed here. (Remember: CATions are positive and go to the CAThode).
- Anode: The positive electrode where oxidation occurs. Typically, non-metals (except hydrogen) are formed here. (Remember: ANions are negative and go to the ANode).
Predicting Electrolysis
Read MoreChemical Formulas: Hydrides, Oxides, and Salts
Formulas:
Hydrazide: HF – hydrofluoric acid, fluoride; HCl – hydrochloric acid, chloride, etc.
Hydrides (Non-Metallic):
- NH3 – Ammonia
- PH3 – Phosphine
- AsH3 – Arsine
- SbH3 – Stibnite
- CH4 – Methane
- SiH4 – Silane
Hydrides (Metallic):
- FeH2 – Ferrous Hydride, Fe(II) Hydride
- AlH3 – Aluminum Trihydride, Al Hydride
Oxides (Metallic):
- Na2O – Sodium Oxide
- NiO – Nickel Monoxide, Ni(II) Oxide
Oxides (Non-Metallic): (CN to determine their oxidation numbers: Cl, Br, I -> 1, 3, 5, 7)
- ClO2 – Hypochlorous Anhydride, Cl(I) Oxide
- S2O2
Limestone, Metal Extraction & Uses: A Chemistry Exploration
Limestone and Its Uses
Limestone is made of calcium carbonate. Limestone is widely used in the building industry. The calcium carbonate in limestone breaks down when heated strongly to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The reaction is called thermal decomposition.
Reactions of Carbonates
Carbonates react with dilute acid to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide. Limewater turns cloudy in the test for carbon dioxide gas. A precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate causes the cloudiness. Metal
Read MoreThermodynamic Processes and Refrigeration Cycle Components
Item 5: Thermodynamic Processes
- Isothermal Process: The substance changes state without changing its thermodynamic temperature.
- Isobaric Process: The substance changes state without changing its pressure.
- Isochoric Process: The substance changes state without changing its specific volume.
- Isenthalpic Process: The substance changes state without changing its heat (enthalpy).
- Isentropic Process: The substance changes state without changing its entropy.
- Adiabatic Process: A process in which no heat transfer
Radical Reactions: Key Terms and Definitions
Terms for Chapter 10: Radical Reactions
Radical
(Sec 3.1A, 10.1, 10.6, 10.7): An uncharged, electron-deficient chemical species in which one or more of the valence shell orbitals contains an unpaired electron, such as the methyl radical, •CH3. Also called a free radical.
Homolysis
(Sec 3.1A, 10.1): The cleavage of a covalent bond so that each fragment departs with one of the electrons of the bond that joined them, which usually produces radicals. Also called homolytic cleavage.
Peroxide
(Sec 10.lA)
Read MoreChemical Reactions and Processes: A Concise Overview
Chemical Equilibrium
The effect of a catalyst on a reaction mixture accelerates the reaction both directly and inversely. Equilibrium is reached more rapidly, but the catalyst does not change the amounts at equilibrium. Kc remains constant.
Factors affecting equilibrium (Le Chatelier’s principle):
- If temperature increases, the equilibrium shifts towards the endothermic reaction.
- If temperature decreases, the equilibrium shifts towards the exothermic reaction.
Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius theory does not