Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry: Isomerism and Nomenclature
1.ISOMERISM:-
The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but having different structural formula or we can say having different physical and chemical properties are called Isomers and the phenomenon is known as Isomerism.
Classification of Isomerism:-
Isomerism are classified into two categories:-1.Structural 2.Isomerism Stereoisomerism (ISOMERISM)
-(Structural Isomerism)-Chain Isomerism, Position Isomerism, Functional Isomerism, Ring- Chain Isomerism,Metamerism, Tautomerism.(Stereoisomerism)
Electrochemical Corrosion: Cathodic and Anodic Reactions
Mechanism of Cathodic Reaction
Corrosion of metals in aqueous environment takes place by an electrochemical mechanism consisting of two simultaneous reactions:
anodic reaction and cathodic reaction.
The cathodic reaction occurs at the cathodic areas of the metal surface and involves consumption of electrons released by the anodic reaction.
Meaning of Cathodic Reaction
A cathodic reaction is a reduction reaction in which electrons are gained. It does not cause metal dissolution directly, but it is
Read MoreRespiration, Photosynthesis, Carbon Allotropes and Essential Elements
1. Respiration and Photosynthesis
Ans. Respiration is the process in which organisms break down glucose with oxygen to release energy (ATP) for cellular functions, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Photosynthesis is the opposite process, carried out by plants and algae, which uses light energy, water, and carbon dioxide to create glucose (a sugar for energy) and oxygen. These processes are interconnected: the glucose and oxygen from photosynthesis provide the fuel for respiration,
Atomic Structure to Organic Chemistry: Key Concepts
Unit I: Atomic Structure
Bohr’s Atomic Theory
Bohr proposed that electrons revolve in specific circular orbits around the nucleus without radiating energy. These orbits are quantized and labeled by the principal quantum number n. The angular momentum of the electron is given by mvr = n(h/2π). The energy of an electron in a hydrogen-like atom is E = −13.6 Z2/n2 eV. When an electron jumps between energy levels, radiation is absorbed or emitted: ΔE = hν = hc/λ.
Limitations of Bohr’s
Read MoreWater Treatment Chemistry: Hardness Testing and Boiler Management
Estimation of Water Hardness by EDTA Method
Principle of EDTA Titration
- Hardness of water is due to the presence of Ca²+ and Mg²+ ions.
- In the EDTA method, a solution of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used as a titrant.
- EDTA forms stable, soluble complexes with Ca²+ and Mg²+ ions.
- At the endpoint, all Ca²+ and Mg²+ ions are complexed, and the indicator shows a color change.
Chemical Reactions:
Ca²+ + EDTA&sup4;− →
Read MoreGeneral Chemistry 1 Principles and Formulas
Fundamentals and Measurements
- SI Units: Mass (kg), Length (m), Time (s), Temperature (K), Amount (mol), Volume (m³ or L = 10-3m³).
- Prefixes: Pico (10-12), nano (10-9), micro (10-6), milli (10-3), centi (10-2), kilo (103), mega (106).
- Density: d = mass / volume. To convert g/cm³ to kg/m³, multiply by 1,000 (e.g., 6.353 g/cm³ = 6,353 kg/m³).
- Temperature Conversions: °F = (9/5)°C + 32; K = °C + 273.15 (e.g., 56.1°C = 133°F).
- Significant Figures:
- Non-zero digits are always significant. Zeros between