Essential Chemistry Concepts and Atomic Theory Timeline
Fundamental Chemistry Concepts and Definitions
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Physical Property: A description that helps identify a substance.
- Quantitative Characteristics: Characteristics that are measured. They always include a number and a unit.
- Qualitative Characteristics: Characteristics observed with the senses that are described but not measured.
- Characteristic Physical Property: A unique physical property used specifically to identify a substance (e.g., density, melting point).
- Chemical Properties:
Acid-Base Equilibrium and pH Calculations
Identifying Acid-Base Problem Types
| Question Type | Problem Category |
|---|---|
| Asks if a salt solution (e.g., NaClO) is acidic, basic, or neutral | Conjugate acid-base salt classification |
| Involves a weak acid concentration and asks for the pH | Weak acid equilibrium problem (requires an ICE table and Kₐ) |
| Involves a salt of a weak acid (e.g., NaC₆H₅CO₂) and asks for the pH | Basic salt hydrolysis problem (involves a conjugate base and Kₑ) |
Core Acid-Base Concepts
Acid-Base Properties of Salts
- Strong acid + Strong base
Core Concepts in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis
Pharmaceutical chemistry is a Branch of chemistry which deals with the study of organic chemistry (Molecules & Compound) In combination with structural & chemical biology & pharmacology for producing pharmaceutical drugs & medicines.
Scope of Pharmaceutical chemistry:
➢ Quality Assurance & Quality control (QA & QC):- Processes & standards that ensure quality of drug compounds. ➢ Drug Discovery: – Identifying compound, especially those that treat disease. ➢ Industry:
Essential Chemistry Reactions and English Tense Rules
Chemistry Fundamentals
Acids and Bases Classification
Acids (Based on Basicity)
- Monobasic: HCl, CH3COOH (Acetic Acid)
- Dibasic: H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid)
- Tribasic: H3PO4 (Phosphoric Acid)
Acids (Based on Strength)
- Strong Acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
- Weak Acids: CH3COOH, H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid), HCOOH (Formic Acid)
Bases (Based on Acidity)
- Monoacidic: NaOH, KOH, NH4OH (Ammonium Hydroxide)
- Diacidic: Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Fe(OH)2
- Triacidic: Fe(OH)3
Bases (Based on Strength)
- Strong Bases: KOH, Ba(OH)2 (Barium Hydroxide)
- Weak Bases:
Periodic Table Groups and Chemical Bonding Fundamentals
Periodic Table Groups and Electron Configuration
Main Groups of the Periodic Table
The elements are categorized into groups based on their chemical properties:
- Group 1: Alkali Metals (Tend to increase density and decrease the melting and boiling points down the group.)
- Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
- Group 13: Boron Group (Boroideos)
- Group 14: Carbon Group (Carbonoideos)
- Group 15: Nitrogen Group (Nitrogenoideos)
- Group 16: Chalcogens
- Group 17: Halogens (Density, boiling points, and melting points increase
Technical Essentials: Water Types, Purification, and Energy Measurement
Common Types of Water
Water is categorized based on its source and treatment method:
- Tap Water: Typically treated for safety and potability by local municipalities.
- Mineral Water: Naturally sourced and contains minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Spring Water: Comes from underground sources and may be untreated.
- Distilled Water: Purified through distillation, removing contaminants.
- Purified Water: Treated to remove impurities and often used in laboratories.
- Sparkling Water: Carbonated water with added