Aromatic Compounds and Lipid Chemistry Principles
Benzene: Structure and Properties
Benzene is an organic, colorless chemical compound. It is a highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a high melting point. The chemical formula of benzene is C6H6; it contains 6 carbons and 6 hydrogens and is classified as a hydrocarbon. It has a boiling point of 80°C and is lighter than water. Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. It is also a natural part of crude oils. Benzene and all compounds that resemble benzene in their chemical
Read MoreIndustrial Chemistry: Corrosion, Water, and Materials
Water Hardness and Softening Methods
Temporary Hardness: Calcium bicarbonate – Ca(HCO₃)₂, Magnesium bicarbonate – Mg(HCO₃)₂.
Permanent Hardness: CaSO₄, MgSO₄, CaCl₂, MgCl₂.
Softening Agents: Lime [Ca(OH)₂] and soda ash [Na₂CO₃] are added to hard water. Alternatively, hard water is passed through a bed of sodium zeolite (Na₂Z).
Types of Ion Exchange Resins
- Cation Exchange Resin (RH): Removes Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺
- Anion Exchange Resin (R′OH): Removes Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻
Mechanism
Organic Chemistry Essentials: Isomerism, Reactions & Mechanisms
Isomerism
Isomerism. Organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulas or different physical and chemical properties are called isomers, and the phenomenon is known as isomerism.
Examples:
- Chain isomerism
- Position isomerism
E1 Reactions
E1 reactions. E1 is a unimolecular elimination. It follows first-order kinetics and is a two-step process. It typically requires a weak base. Formation of a carbocation intermediate takes place.
E2 Reactions
E2 reactions. E2 is a bimolecular
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry: Isomerism and Nomenclature
1.ISOMERISM:-
The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but having different structural formula or we can say having different physical and chemical properties are called Isomers and the phenomenon is known as Isomerism.
Classification of Isomerism:-
Isomerism are classified into two categories:-1.Structural 2.Isomerism Stereoisomerism (ISOMERISM)
-(Structural Isomerism)-Chain Isomerism, Position Isomerism, Functional Isomerism, Ring- Chain Isomerism,Metamerism, Tautomerism.(Stereoisomerism)
Electrochemical Corrosion: Cathodic and Anodic Reactions
Mechanism of Cathodic Reaction
Corrosion of metals in aqueous environment takes place by an electrochemical mechanism consisting of two simultaneous reactions:
anodic reaction and cathodic reaction.
The cathodic reaction occurs at the cathodic areas of the metal surface and involves consumption of electrons released by the anodic reaction.
Meaning of Cathodic Reaction
A cathodic reaction is a reduction reaction in which electrons are gained. It does not cause metal dissolution directly, but it is
Read MoreRespiration, Photosynthesis, Carbon Allotropes and Essential Elements
1. Respiration and Photosynthesis
Ans. Respiration is the process in which organisms break down glucose with oxygen to release energy (ATP) for cellular functions, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Photosynthesis is the opposite process, carried out by plants and algae, which uses light energy, water, and carbon dioxide to create glucose (a sugar for energy) and oxygen. These processes are interconnected: the glucose and oxygen from photosynthesis provide the fuel for respiration,