Fundamentals of Science and Technical English Vocabulary
1. Matter: Atomic Structure and Compounds
Key Concepts in Matter
- Atom Structure: Includes the electron, and the nucleus (containing the proton and neutron).
- Atomic Identification: Defined by Mass number and Atomic number.
- Example Compound: CH4 (Methane) is a compound.
Foundational Terminology (Spanish Translation)
- Foundations = fundamento
Matter Vocabulary Definitions
- Neutron: A part of an atom with no electrical charge.
- Electron: A part of an atom with a negative electrical charge.
- Molecule: The smallest
Essential Concepts and Calculations in Chemistry
Properties of Water
- Polarity: Water molecules are polar, meaning they have a slight positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom.
- Hydrogen Bonding: The polarity of water molecules allows them to form strong hydrogen bonds with each other.
- Cohesion and Adhesion: Water molecules are attracted to each other (cohesion) and to other polar surfaces (adhesion).
- High Heat Capacity: Water can absorb a large amount of heat energy without a significant change in temperature.
Isomerism in Chemistry: Structural Types and Stereoisomers
The Concept of Isomerism
Isomerism is the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula, but different arrangements of their atoms. These compounds are called isomers.
Isomers can differ significantly in their physical and chemical properties, such as boiling and melting points, reactivity, and solubility. Understanding isomerism is an important concept in chemistry because it affects the properties and behavior of molecules. By understanding isomerism, chemists can predict
Read MoreEssential Chemistry Concepts and Atomic Structure Review
Quiz 1 : *
What is the fundamental difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture? – A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout, while a heterogeneous mixture has regions with different compositions. * What is the primary distinguishing factor between an * What is the relationship between milliliters and cubic centimeters? – 1 mL = 1 cm³. * Convert 120,000 miles to kilometers (1 mile=1.609 km)? – 193,080 km *How many gallons are in 5,000 L
Water Hardness Determination and Industrial Treatment Methods
Estimation of Water Hardness using EDTA Titration
B.Tech. Unit VI: Water Chemistry
Principle of EDTA Titration
- Hardness in water is primarily due to Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions.
- It is determined by complexometric titration using EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).
- EDTA forms a stable, soluble complex with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions.
- Indicator used: Eriochrome Black-T (EBT).
- At pH ≈ 10 (buffered with NH₄OH–NH₄Cl buffer), EBT forms a wine-red complex with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺.
- During titration, EDTA replaces
Essential Concepts in Fuels, Catalysis, and Adsorption Chemistry
Fuel Definition, Classification, and Characteristics
A fuel is any substance that produces heat energy upon combustion.
Fuel Classification
- Solid Fuels: Coal, coke, wood.
- Liquid Fuels: Petrol, diesel, kerosene.
- Gaseous Fuels: LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), producer gas.
Characteristics of an Ideal Fuel
An ideal fuel must possess the following characteristics:
- High calorific value.
- Moderate ignition temperature.
- Low moisture content.
- Low non-combustible matter (ash content).
- Moderate