Real Socialism, Economic Shifts, and Decolonization
Real Socialism and Marxist Ideologies
Marxist ideologies created two kinds of movements: social democracy (believing Marx was right and a more egalitarian society could be implemented under a liberal democracy). In February 1917, a revolution occurred against the Tsar. In October 1917, the Bolshevik party took control of the revolution, changing the political and economic system. The goal was for one country to survive and become a new industrial power.
Stalin’s Five-Year Plan
How did it grow? Stalin’
Read MoreLeadership Theories: Evolution and Key Concepts
Key Leadership Theories Through Time
Throughout history, various theories have attempted to explain what makes an effective leader. These theories have evolved, each building upon previous concepts.
Great Man Theory
This early approach was based on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities destined to lead. Researchers focused on prominent figures in world history, suggesting that emulating their personalities and behaviors could lead to effective leadership.
Trait Theory
This
Read MoreConflict Resolution and Negotiation Strategies
Conflict and Negotiation
What is Conflict?
Conflict is a situation where two or more individuals or groups clash due to differing and incompatible interests, needs, desires, or values.
Features of Conflict:
- Inherent in organizational and individual life.
- Inevitable due to conflicting interests.
- Can be internal or external.
- Requires minimization, extension, and/or resolution.
- Is detectable.
- Consequences can be positive or negative.
- Can be helpful if properly managed.
Stages of Conflict:
- Initial Phase
- Awareness
Accounting Transactions and Financial Operations
Initial Capital Contribution and Share Subscription
A company, SA, is constituted with 500,000 shares at a nominal value of €6 each. The members subscribe to all shares and disburse the minimum statutory amount required.
Accounting Entries:
- €750,000 (Account 572) to (Account 100) €3,000,000
- €250,000,000 (Account 103)
First Dividend Call
After three months, the company’s shareholders require an additional 25% of their commitment.
Accounting Entry:
- €750,000 (Account 558) to (Account 103) €750,
Leadership Contingency Theory and Situational Factors
Definition of Leadership
Leadership is the attempted use of influence, without coercion, to motivate individuals to achieve a goal. A leader’s effectiveness is often measured based on the performance of one or a combination of goals.
Contingency Theory of Leadership (Fiedler)
This model posits that group performance depends on the interaction between leadership style and situational favorableness. There are two primary leadership styles:
- Task-oriented: Individuals whose personality favors task completion
Spain’s Development vs. Korea, China: Finance & Industry
Spain (Developing Country Until 1982) and the Basque Country
Unlike Korea, other countries such as Spain, Brazil, and Turkey, were not as successful in implementing their developmental states. According to Evans (1995), this could be due to the lack of a competent bureaucracy and embedded autonomy, as already explained.
- Spain was an autarchy, an isolated country, during the most challenging period of the dictatorship, from 1941 to 1959.
- The Spanish government created many public enterprises under the