History of the Banco de San Fernando: 1829-1847

A few years later, there were accusations of corruption at the management of the Bank in relation to abuse by directors of the privileges; of the granting to shareholders of loans secured by their shares, contravening the provisions in the Statute; and of the manipulation of the price of vales reales on international markets.

The financing of wars, waged during Carlos IV’s reign, required further issues of vales reales, suspending their convertibility temporarily. The government continued resorting

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Business Environment and Competitive Forces in the Market

Business Environment

The business environment, or business context, is where a company operates. It influences and is influenced by the company. It can be categorized as general and specific:

  • General environment: Circumstances that apply equally to all companies within a certain company or geographic area.
  • Specific environment: Factors that influence a particular group of companies acting in the same sector and sharing common characteristics.

General Environmental Factors

  • Economic factors: Economic
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Strategic Analysis: External and Internal Factors

External Analysis

External analysis begins by distinguishing between the generic environment (determined by the social and economic system in which the organization operates) and the specific environment (referring to the industrial sector made up of competitors, suppliers, and customers) that is closer to the organization. In a SWOT analysis, external analysis reveals the threats and opportunities that the organization faces.

Analysis of the General Environment

The global generic environment of a

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EU Social Policy and Security: Health and Labor Rights

EU Social Policy and Social Security

Public Health in the European Union

The Treaty of Amsterdam established the need for the EU to address the health of its citizens holistically. The most considered areas are cancer, addiction, disease transmission, and general measures for health protection. The EU seeks to improve health information, establish rapid response mechanisms for threats such as epidemics, and prevent diseases.

In this sense, it launched the Community Action Program in the field of public

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Quality Management in Different Business Sectors

Quality of Economic Sectors

1. Types of Companies in Relation to Quality

The methodologies of quality management may be common in their basic features. However, the application of this methodology is specific to each company.

Each company must define, therefore, what quality management approach is most suited to their characteristics, although there are general characteristics such as the type of business and economic sector.

A classification of enterprises for the management of quality:

  • Companies that

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Key Business Terms and Definitions

Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur

Entrepreneur: An individual who, rather than working as an employee, runs a small business and assumes all the risks and rewards of a given business venture, idea, or good or service offered for sale. They are commonly seen as business leaders and innovators of new ideas and business processes.

Intrapreneur: Executives who can innovate and lead from within a company. An employee of a large corporation who is given freedom and financial support to create new products,

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