Essential Business and Finance Terminology for Professionals

Posted by on Feb 4, 2026 in Business Administration and Management (BAM) | 0 comments

Core Business and Financial Definitions

Commercial Documents and Trade Terms

  • Invoice: A legally binding document that is sent after goods or services have been delivered.
  • Pro Forma Invoice: Received before payment or ordering; often replaces a quotation.
  • Accounting: Systems for recording and classifying business and financial transactions.
  • Claims: Demands by customers of an insurance firm for reimbursement following an accident or loss.
  • Turnover: The total business done by a company in a given period.
Read More

WBS & RACI (RAM) to Prevent Scope Creep in Projects

Posted by on Feb 4, 2026 in Business Administration and Management (BAM) | 0 comments

WBS, RAM (RACI) and Project Controls

ConceptExplanation

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

  • A hierarchical breakdown of the project into smaller, manageable parts.
  • Helps clearly define deliverables and prevent unnecessary additions (scope creep).
  • Breaks down work into work packages with estimated time and cost.

Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)

  • Also called a RACI matrix (Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed).
  • Ensures clarity in roles and responsibilities.
  • Reduces confusion in task ownership and
Read More

Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT, Porter, BCG & Standards

Posted by on Feb 2, 2026 in Business Administration and Management (BAM) | 0 comments

5 A SWOT analysis guides you to identify your organization’s strengths and weaknesses (S-W), as well as broader opportunities and threats (O-T). Developing a fuller awareness of the situation helps with both strategic planning and decision-making. The SWOT method was originally developed for business and industry, but it is equally useful in the work of community health and development, education, and even for personal growth.

Porter’s Model of Five Forces

Porter’s Five Forces model is an analysis

Read More

Financial Instruments and Investor Safeguards in India

Posted by on Feb 2, 2026 in Business Administration and Management (BAM) | 0 comments

Bonds

Bonds are debt securities issued by borrowers to raise capital. Investors lend money to the borrower and receive regular interest payments and the return of their principal.

Characteristics of Bonds

  1. Fixed Income: Bonds offer a fixed rate of return in the form of interest payments.
  2. Maturity Date: Bonds have a specific maturity date when the principal is repaid.
  3. Credit Risk: Bonds carry credit risk, which is the risk of default by the borrower.

Types of Bonds

  • Government Bonds: Issued by governments
Read More

International Trade Theories, WTO, and Exchange Rate Mechanisms

Posted by on Feb 2, 2026 in Business Administration and Management (BAM) | 0 comments

Factor Endowment Theory of International Trade

The Factor Endowment Theory, also known as the Heckscher–Ohlin Theory, explains the basis of international trade in terms of differences in factor endowments among countries. According to this theory, countries differ in the availability of factors of production such as land, labor, and capital, and these differences give rise to international trade.

The theory states that a country will export goods that use its abundant factors intensively and import

Read More

Sports Journalism: Professional Values and Ethical Challenges

Posted by on Feb 1, 2026 in Business Administration and Management (BAM) | 0 comments

Part I – Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value of My Chosen Profession

My chosen profession is to become a sports journalist and reporter. I am especially inspired by figures such as Sara Carbonero, who represent professionalism, sensitivity, and credibility in sports media. Journalism is not just a job where you communicate information; it is a profession that shapes opinions, influences society, and builds trust between the media and the public. For this reason, reflecting on the intrinsic and extrinsic

Read More