Public Policy Frameworks and International Organizations
Definition of Public Policy
Key definition: A public policy is what the government decides “to do, or not to do” on a certain issue. It is a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities regarding a specific area of the government’s functions.
Common Areas of Public Policy
- Education
- Health
- Housing
- Economic
- Environment
- Foreign affairs
- Social welfare
- Immigration
Who Makes Public Policies?
Division of Powers
- Executive: Sets goals and policies, proposes and drafts the legislation
Essential Business English Vocabulary for Professionals
Economic Terms (Market Leader Unit 7)
- Interest rate: The cost of borrowing money.
- Exchange rate: The price at which one currency can buy another.
- Inflation rate: The percentage increase in prices.
- Labor force: The number of people working.
- Tax incentives: Low taxes to encourage business activity.
- Government bureaucracy: Official rules, regulations, and paperwork.
- GDP: The total value of goods and services produced in a country.
- Unemployment rate: The percentage of people without jobs.
- Foreign investment:
Essential Financial Management Concepts and Principles
1(a) What is the Wealth Maximisation Objective?
Wealth maximisation means maximizing the market value of shareholders’ wealth. It focuses on increasing the value of the firm through efficient financial decisions regarding investment, financing, and dividend policies. It considers risk and the time value of money.
1(b) Functions of a Finance Manager
The main functions of a finance manager are:
- Financial planning and forecasting
- Capital budgeting and investment decisions
- Financing decisions
- Dividend decisions
- Working
Network Science and Game Theory Reference
Graph Theory Fundamentals
Graph (G = (V, E)): A structure showing connections where V are nodes/vertices and E are edges/links.
- Node/Vertex: The object (e.g., person, city, website).
- Edge: The connection (e.g., friendship, road, hyperlink).
- Directed Edge: Has an arrow; order matters (A points to B).
- Undirected Edge: No arrow; order does not matter.
Paths and Connectivity
- Path: A route between nodes; length is the number of edges.
- Simple Path: No repeated nodes.
- Walk: Repeats allowed.
- Cycle: Starts and ends
Managing Interconnected Banking Risks: Liquidity, Credit, and Interest Rates
Understanding Interconnected Banking Risks
Commercial banks primarily face three major risks: liquidity risk, credit risk, and interest rate risk. These risks are deeply interconnected, meaning that instability in one area can rapidly propagate to others.
Defining Key Banking Risks
- Liquidity Risk: The inability to access sufficient cash or liquid assets to meet withdrawal demands and payment obligations.
- Credit Risk: The potential for borrowers to default on loans according to agreed terms.
- Interest
Essential Business Vocabulary and Professional Terminology
Business Vocabulary A-H
- Alternatively: We can sell the product online; alternatively, we can open a small shop in the city.
- As a result: The company lost many customers and, as a result, it made less profit this year.
- Attach: Please attach the document to the email before you send it.
- Become less productive: Workers become less productive when they are tired or stressed.
- Because of this debt: Because of this debt, the company cannot invest in new projects.
- Boost: Good marketing can boost sales in a short