Understanding Non-Performing Assets in Banking
Non-Performing Assets (NPA)
Assets: Generate revenue for the future. Example – Car, Machines, etc.
NPA: An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. NPAs are those loans that have stopped making interest or principal return for over 90 days (3 months).
Classification of NPA
- Sub-standard Asset: A non-performing asset that is overdue for less than or equal to 12 months.
- Doubtful Assets: An asset that has remained NPA for more than 12 months.
- Loss Assets: An asset that
Indian Financial Systems and Global Trade Dynamics
Unit III: Financial Institutions and Markets
Development Banking and Current Developments
Development banking refers to financial institutions that provide long-term capital for industrial, agricultural, and infrastructure development. Institutions like SIDBI, NABARD, and EXIM Bank support sectors that require large investments and patience for returns. They offer project financing, technical assistance, promotional services, and policy support.
In recent years, development banks have modernized through
Read MoreProduct Design Importance, Standardisation and Mass Customisation
Importance of Product Design
Product design is crucial because it determines how well a product meets customer needs, performs its function, and succeeds in the market. The importance of product design can be explained through the following points:
Customer satisfaction: Good product design ensures the product is easy to use, safe, reliable, and attractive, which increases customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Functional performance: Design defines how effectively a product performs its intended function.
International Business and Global Marketing Fundamentals
Business Expansion Proposal Template
1. I believe the best country for the company to expand into right now is _____ because it lines up well with the company’s goals and values.
2. Politically, this country is _____, which gives the business more stability and less risk during expansion.
3. A stable political climate also makes it easier for the company to plan long-term without worrying about sudden changes.
4. Economically, the country has _____, and this is important because it affects how much
Read MoreCompany Share Buyback Rules, Conditions & Effects
Share Buyback: Key Rules and Terms
1. Sources of Buyback
Sources: Free reserves (for example, retained earnings), securities premium account, and proceeds of earlier issues (not of the same kind).
Note: You cannot use proceeds from an equity share issue to buy back equity shares.
2. Authorization in the Articles of Association
The buyback must be authorized by the company’s Articles of Association (AOA). Amend the AOA if buyback is not already permitted.
3. Approval Required
Approval thresholds:
- Up to 10%
Essential Human Resource Management Topics for Exams
Concise HRM Notes for Academic and Exam Use
Here are concise, structured notes for the eight Human Resource Management (HRM) topics listed in your image. These are designed to be clear and ready for an academic paper or exam.
1. Social Approach to HRM
The social approach views an organization as a complex social system. It focuses on the fact that employees are not just economic resources but individuals with social needs and psychological drivers.
- Focus: It emphasizes group dynamics, employee relationships,