Distributed Systems: Security, Fault Tolerance, and Recovery
Security Issues in Distributed Systems
Distributed systems face two primary security challenges:
Secure Communication
Ensuring authentication, message integrity, and confidentiality requires secure channels to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery.
Authorization
Verifying if the client is permitted to perform specific operations after authentication.
Threat Models
A threat model identifies security risks and vulnerabilities in a system.
Steps in Threat Modeling
- Identify Security Objectives:
Inventory Management: ABC Distribution & Stock Control
ABC Distribution and Inventory Management
ABC Distribution: Based on a study, each data set is a grouped phenomenon where a few elements generate the highest percentage of results, while many elements contribute only a small percentage. In spare parts inventory, approximately 10% of products generate 70% of sales, 20% produce 20% of sales, and 70% generate 10% of sales.
Applications of Pareto Analysis in Inventory
Pareto analysis has several applications for stores, including:
- Determining which inventory
Industrial, Radioactive, and Solid Waste Management
Industrial Waste
Industrial waste encompasses materials discarded from industrial activities. It is an inherent byproduct of production, job creation, and economic processes. We can distinguish two main types:
- Hazardous Industrial Waste: Requires specific treatment due to its composition and potentially dangerous characteristics.
- Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste: Resembles municipal solid waste and can be treated similarly.
While often associated with the chemical industry, all manufacturing operations
Read MoreAccounting Software Procedures and Definitions
Procedure for Group Creation
Group creation in accounting software (e.g., Tally, QuickBooks) involves organizing ledger accounts under predefined categories to facilitate financial reporting. The steps include:
- Access Group Management: Navigate to the “Groups” or “Chart of Accounts” menu.
- Select Create Option: Choose the “Create New Group” or similar option.
- Enter Group Details: Provide a name, specify whether it’s a primary group or a subgroup, and assign its nature (e.g., Assets, Liabilities, Income,
Product and Service Design: Key Factors & Processes
Steps to Design a Product
Product design involves several key stages:
- Functional Design: Also called *conceptual design*, this stage focuses on developing a product that fulfills a specific need, regardless of its appearance.
- Industrial Design: This stage addresses aesthetic considerations and aims to meet user needs through visual appeal and usability.
- Design for Manufacturing (DFM): DFM ensures the product can be manufactured efficiently using available resources and materials.
Key Features of Product
Read MoreUnderstanding Financial Information Systems: Key Concepts
Understanding Financial Information Systems
1. Nature and Characteristics
A financial information system includes the resources, procedures, and methods used by an entity to track financial activities and summarize them in a form useful for decision-making.
2. Elements of an Information System
- Computer equipment
- Staff team
- Data capture
- Programs or software
3. Lifecycle of Accounting Information
The lifecycle starts when a record of an operation is created and ends when the financial statements are finalized.
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