Core Concepts of Algorithm Design and Computational Problem Solving
Unit– 1
Problems and Problem Instances
A problem in computer science is a clearly defined task or situation that requires a solution using logical and computational methods. It describes what needs to be achieved without specifying how to achieve it. A problem usually includes input data, required output, and certain constraints that must be satisfied. For example, “finding the maximum number in a list” is a problem statement. A problem instance is a specific example of that problem with actual
Read MoreCore Concepts in Artificial Intelligence Systems
Artificial Intelligence and its Branches
Definition of AI: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is defined as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Key Branches of AI
- Machine Learning (ML): A subfield where algorithms learn patterns from data without being explicitly
Fostering Business Innovation and Legal Structures
Organizational Actions That Enhance or Hinder Creativity
The environment an organization cultivates significantly impacts its capacity for innovation. The following table contrasts actions that promote creativity with those that stifle it:
| Enhancing Actions | Hindering Actions |
|---|---|
| Encouraging Risk-Taking: Accepting that failure is a necessary part of learning and experimentation. | Punishing Failure: Creating a climate of fear where employees hide mistakes and avoid trying new things. |
| Providing Resources/Time: |
Cybersecurity Governance and Risk Management Principles
Governance
Documentation Hierarchy
- Understand the hierarchy in terms of specificity and enforceability:
- Policies: High-level rules (e.g., “All systems must be patched monthly.”)
- Standards: Mandatory requirements to meet the policy (e.g., “Use AES-256 for encryption.”)
- Guidelines: Best practices, optional (e.g., “Avoid using public Wi-Fi.”)
- Procedures: Step-by-step instructions (e.g., “How to apply Windows patches.”)
Tip: Expect questions like, “What document outlines how a task should be done?” — answer:
Read MoreEssential Techniques for Project Management and Inventory Control
ABC Analysis: Inventory Control Technique
- ABC analysis is an inventory control technique used to classify items based on their annual consumption value.
- It follows the Pareto principle where a few items contribute to most of the inventory value.
- Category A items are few in number but have very high value and need strict control.
- Category B items have moderate value and require normal control and periodic review.
- Category C items are large in number but have very low value and need simple control.
- The
Business Operations: Product Life Cycle and Plant Decisions
1. Product Life Cycle (PLC)
🔹 Meaning:
The Product Life Cycle refers to the stages a product goes through from its introduction in the market until it is withdrawn. It helps managers make decisions regarding marketing, production, pricing, and resource allocation.
🔹 Stages of PLC:
- Introduction Stage
- Product launched in the market.
- High marketing and promotional expenses.
- Low or no profit due to heavy investment.
- Objective: Create awareness and attract early adopters.
- Growth Stage
- Demand increases rapidly.