Business Administration and Innovation Management Archives - Student Notes

Modern Industrial Automation: IoT, Security, and SoS Concepts

Posted by admin on Dec 2, 2025 in Business Administration and Innovation Management | 0 comments

Core Concepts in Industrial Automation

The ISA-95 Automation Pyramid and Its Levels

The ISA-95 model structures the different levels of an industrial automation system.

Level 0 – Physical Process: This level involves the actual manufacturing process, including raw materials and machines. Sensors and actuators are connected directly to the equipment.
Level 1 – Sensors and Actuators: This level collects real-time data from machines and executes control actions using devices like PLCs.
Level 2 – Monitoring,

Business Fundamentals: Environment, Functions, and Organizational Systems

Posted by admin on Nov 25, 2025 in Business Administration and Innovation Management | 0 comments

Business Environment and Context

Companies operate within a context or environment that involves a number of factors that influence, to a greater or lesser extent, the functioning of business organizations. This set of factors is divided into two main categories:

Macroenvironment: Factors over which the company has no control.
Microenvironment: Elements on which the company can intervene and influence.

Core Business Functions and Functional Areas

Core business areas are known as functional areas and

Walker & Cohen: Scope Statements for Theory Development & Research

Posted by admin on Nov 18, 2025 in Business Administration and Innovation Management | 0 comments

Walker & Cohen: Defining Scope Statements

According to Walker and Cohen, the scope of studies is determined by the definition of the subject. It aims at taking the objectives as the thumb rule. We need to focus in this direction from a research point of view (philosophy, subject, institution, policies).

Project Initiation and Stakeholder Agreement

This is the end of the initiation process for the project as a whole. Your project should now be defined. That is, you should have reached agreement

Core Concepts of Cybersecurity: Mechanisms and Attacks

Posted by admin on Nov 16, 2025 in Business Administration and Innovation Management | 0 comments

The Crucial Need for Network Security

Network security is crucial in today’s digital world where individuals, businesses, and governments rely heavily on computer networks for communication, data storage, and daily operations. Detailed reasons why network security is essential:

Protection from Unauthorized Access: Network security ensures that only authorized users can access the network and its resources. It prevents hackers or malicious users from gaining access to sensitive information.
Data Protection:

Operations Management Core Concepts and Formulas Review

Posted by admin on Nov 15, 2025 in Business Administration and Innovation Management | 0 comments

Operations Management Core Concepts Review

1. Competitive Dimensions and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Competitive Dimensions: How a company positions itself in the market.

Cost / Price: Offering products/services at a low price (e.g., Commodities).
Product Quality & Reliability: Delivering high-quality, dependable products (e.g., Vehicles).
Delivery Speed: Quickly providing products/services (e.g., Fast food, Same-day delivery).
Delivery Reliability: Meeting promised delivery times (e.g., FedEx,

Mechanical Engineering Core Subjects and Electives Curriculum