Drug Properties & Metabolism: Impact on Biological Action

Posted by on Jul 15, 2025 in Biotechnology | 0 comments

Physicochemical Properties & Biological Action

Physicochemical properties refer to the physical and chemical characteristics of a drug molecule that influence its behavior in biological systems. These properties play a crucial role in determining the drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Key Physicochemical Properties

These properties include:

  1. Ionization
  2. Solubility
  3. Partition Coefficient
  4. Hydrogen Bonding
  5. Protein Binding
  6. Chelation
  7. Bioisosterism
  8. Geometrical Isomerism
  9. Optical Isomerism

Ionization

Ionization

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Pharmaceutical Agents: Mechanisms, Development, and Resistance

Posted by on Jun 28, 2025 in Biotechnology | 0 comments

Anticancer Drugs: Mechanisms and Resistance

Anticancer drugs, also known as chemotherapy agents, are pharmacological substances designed to treat malignant diseases by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. These drugs operate through various mechanisms, targeting specific cellular processes essential for cancer cell survival and replication. The primary goals of anticancer therapies include damaging the DNA of cancer cells, inhibiting the synthesis of new DNA strands, and disrupting

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Understanding Food Browning: Maillard Reaction and Enzymatic Processes

Posted by on Jun 25, 2025 in Biotechnology | 0 comments

Food Browning: Types and Mechanisms

Overview of Food Changes

Food undergoes various changes that can affect its quality, safety, and appearance. These changes can be broadly categorized as physical, chemical, or biotic.

Physical Factors

  • UV Light
  • Oxygen
  • Temperature
  • pH

Chemical Factors

  • Oxidation of lipids
  • Browning reactions
  • Toxic pollutants
  • Natural additives

Biotic Factors

  • Microbiological activity
  • Parasitological contamination

The Maillard Reaction: Non-Enzymatic Browning

Definition and Characteristics

The Maillard

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Organic Chemistry: Carboxylic Acids, Amines, and Heterocycles

Posted by on Jun 23, 2025 in Biotechnology | 0 comments

Unit 1: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation Reactions

  • Primary alcohols → Carboxylic acids (using KMnO4, CrO3, etc.)
  • Aldehydes → Carboxylic acids
  • Ketones (via haloform reaction in methyl ketones)

Ester Hydrolysis

  • Acidic hydrolysis: RCOOR’ + H2O → RCOOH + R’OH
  • Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification): RCOOR’ + OH− → RCOO− + R’OH

Important Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction

  • α-halogenation of carboxylic acids using Br2 + PBr3
  • Mechanism:
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Cellular Transport and Plasma Membrane Structures

Posted by on Jun 19, 2025 in Biotechnology | 0 comments

Macrotransport: Cellular Uptake and Release

Characteristics of Macrotransport

  • Transport of large molecules/particles into and out of the cell
  • Involving deformation/folding of the plasma membrane

Types of Macrotransport

  1. Endocytosis: Transport into the cell
    • Pinocytosis (“cell drinking”)
    • Phagocytosis (“cell eating”)
  2. Exocytosis: Transport out of the cell

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis: Key Differences

  1. Size of the material engulfed:
    • Phagocytosis: > 250 nm vacuoles
    • Pinocytosis: < 150 nm vesicles
  2. Size
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Stem Cells: Understanding Types and Therapeutic Potential

Posted by on Jun 16, 2025 in Biotechnology | 0 comments

Understanding Stem Cells: Types and Applications

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can self-renew and differentiate into various specialized cell types. Stem cells serve as a continuous source for the diverse cells that constitute the tissues and organs of animals and plants. There is significant interest in stem cells due to their powerful potential for developing therapeutic approaches to replace damaged or diseased cells resulting from various disorders and injuries.

Stem cells are totipotent

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