Medical Laser Technology: Applications, Techniques, and Safety
This document provides a detailed explanation of the technique, applications, indications, and contraindications of laser use in medicine and surgery.
Laser Technology in Medicine and Surgery
What Is a Laser?
LASER is an acronym that stands for: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
Lasers emit coherent, monochromatic, and collimated light, which can be precisely focused on tissues. The interaction of laser energy with biological tissues—ranging from cutting and vaporizing to coagulating
Read MoreUnderstanding Cancer: Types, Complications, and Prevention
Complications of Neoplastic Tissue
Complications: Obstruction/compression of organs, bleeding, perforation, dysfunction due to replacement by neoplastic tissue.
General: Cachexia + paraneoplastic syndrome (ADH up, GI -).
Benign Tumors
Glandular Benign Tumors:
- Adenoma
- Adenoma villous
- Fibroadenoma
- Cystadenoma
- Villous adenoma
Mesenchymal Benign Tumors:
- Papillary hemangioma
- Cavernous hemangioma
- Lymphangioma
TNM Staging
- T: Size of primary lesion (0 in situ)
- N: Extent to lymph nodes
- M: Presence or absence of metastases
Complications
Read MoreFetal Monitoring, Diagnostic Procedures, and Pre-eclampsia in Pregnancy
Fetal Monitoring and Labor Stages
Ultrasound Examination
- Purpose: Detects intrauterine infection, fetoplacental insufficiency, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal organ development, congenital anomalies, pregnancy diagnosis, placenta implantation (position, location, thickness), stage of labor, fetal lie, position, presentation, engagement, and size.
- Anatomical Examination:
- Biparietal diameter
- Femur length
- Transverse truncal diameter
- Anterior-posterior truncal diameter
- Front-occipital diameter
- Functional
The Immune System Explained: Defenses, Cells, and Immunity Types
The Human Immune System: Defenses and Responses
The immune system is responsible for the body’s defenses. Key organs include:
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Peyer’s patches
- Tonsils
- Adenoids
Immune Barriers: The Body’s First Lines of Defense
Immunity is broadly categorized into two main types:
1. Nonspecific (Natural) Immunity
This constitutes the primary and secondary barriers, providing immediate, general protection.
a) External Barriers
- Physical: Skin (keratin), cilia in the bronchi.
- Chemical: pH of the
Microbiology and Immunology Concepts: Chapters 14-17 Review
Infectious Disease Principles and Pathogenesis
1. Symbiotic Relationship Example
A symbiotic relationship example is Escherichia coli within the large intestine.
2. Mismatched Disease and Associated Factor
The disease and associated factor that do not match are: Emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1); use of antibiotics.
3. Correct Statement on Infectious Disease Development
A correct statement about the development of infectious disease is: The period of convalescence is the time during which the person
Read MoreImmune System Essentials: Barriers, Responses, and Key Concepts
Immune System Fundamentals
Natural Resistance
- Non-Specific Species Resistance:
- Absence of specific tissue or receptors.
- Second host or target site.
- Absence of toxins.
- Individual Natural Resistance:
- Nutrition
- Fever
- Age
- Genetic factors
- Stress
Physical Barriers
- Skin: Keratinized cell layer, scaling, dryness, normal flora, fats, washing.
- Respiratory Tract: Normal flora, microvilli, mucous surfaces.
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Stomach pH, peristalsis, secretions, normal flora.
- Urogenital Tract: Urine flow, normal flora.