Understanding Cancer: Types, Complications, and Prevention

Complications of Neoplastic Tissue

Complications: Obstruction/compression of organs, bleeding, perforation, dysfunction due to replacement by neoplastic tissue.

General: Cachexia + paraneoplastic syndrome (ADH up, GI -).

Benign Tumors

Glandular Benign Tumors:

  • Adenoma
  • Adenoma villous
  • Fibroadenoma
  • Cystadenoma
  • Villous adenoma

Mesenchymal Benign Tumors:

  • Papillary hemangioma
  • Cavernous hemangioma
  • Lymphangioma

TNM Staging

  • T: Size of primary lesion (0 in situ)
  • N: Extent to lymph nodes
  • M: Presence or absence of metastases

Complications

Read More

Fetal Monitoring, Diagnostic Procedures, and Pre-eclampsia in Pregnancy

Fetal Monitoring and Labor Stages

Ultrasound Examination

  • Purpose: Detects intrauterine infection, fetoplacental insufficiency, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal organ development, congenital anomalies, pregnancy diagnosis, placenta implantation (position, location, thickness), stage of labor, fetal lie, position, presentation, engagement, and size.
  • Anatomical Examination:
    • Biparietal diameter
    • Femur length
    • Transverse truncal diameter
    • Anterior-posterior truncal diameter
    • Front-occipital diameter
  • Functional
Read More

The Immune System Explained: Defenses, Cells, and Immunity Types

The Human Immune System: Defenses and Responses

The immune system is responsible for the body’s defenses. Key organs include:

  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Tonsils
  • Adenoids

Immune Barriers: The Body’s First Lines of Defense

Immunity is broadly categorized into two main types:

1. Nonspecific (Natural) Immunity

This constitutes the primary and secondary barriers, providing immediate, general protection.

a) External Barriers

  • Physical: Skin (keratin), cilia in the bronchi.
  • Chemical: pH of the
Read More

Microbiology and Immunology Concepts: Chapters 14-17 Review

Infectious Disease Principles and Pathogenesis

1. Symbiotic Relationship Example

A symbiotic relationship example is Escherichia coli within the large intestine.

2. Mismatched Disease and Associated Factor

The disease and associated factor that do not match are: Emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1); use of antibiotics.

3. Correct Statement on Infectious Disease Development

A correct statement about the development of infectious disease is: The period of convalescence is the time during which the person

Read More

Immune System Essentials: Barriers, Responses, and Key Concepts

Immune System Fundamentals

Natural Resistance

  • Non-Specific Species Resistance:
    1. Absence of specific tissue or receptors.
    2. Second host or target site.
    3. Absence of toxins.
  • Individual Natural Resistance:
    1. Nutrition
    2. Fever
    3. Age
    4. Genetic factors
    5. Stress

Physical Barriers

  • Skin: Keratinized cell layer, scaling, dryness, normal flora, fats, washing.
  • Respiratory Tract: Normal flora, microvilli, mucous surfaces.
  • Gastrointestinal Tract: Stomach pH, peristalsis, secretions, normal flora.
  • Urogenital Tract: Urine flow, normal flora.
Read More

Abordajes Terapéuticos: Cáncer de Colon, Recto, Páncreas, Próstata, Endometrio

Tratamiento Oncológico del Cáncer de Colon

El tratamiento primario es la cirugía, con resultados muy buenos. Se consigue la curación en el 70% de los casos.

Tratamiento Oncológico del Cáncer de Recto

La cirugía consigue curaciones de hasta el 50%. Dependiendo de si el tumor está a más de 5 cm del esfínter anal, podrá realizarse cirugía conservadora (Resección Anterior Baja) o cirugía radical (Resección Abdomino-Perineal con colostomía permanente). Los estadios II y III de alto riesgo

Read More