Thorax and Abdominal Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Muscles of the Thorax and Abdomen
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicular, sternal, and abdominal parts.
Insertion: Crest of the humerus (subtrochanteric crest).
Function:
Clavicular part: Flexion.
Sternal part: Adduction and internal rotation.
Abdominal part: Extension.
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Coracoid process of the scapula.
Insertion: Anterior surfaces of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs.
Function: Pulls the ribs up towards the coracoid process, bringing the scapula forward and downward.
Serratus Anterior
Origin:
Read MoreUnderstanding the Lymphatic and Cardiovascular Systems
The Lymphatic Circulatory System
The lymphatic system is responsible for collecting the excess liquid remaining between the cells and returning it to the blood. It also transports fats absorbed in the intestine.
The lymphatic circulatory system is simpler than the blood circulatory system. It comprises the following components:
- Lymphatic capillaries: Small, blind-ended vessels finely distributed in all tissues. They are responsible for collecting the interstitial fluid.
- Lymphatic vessels: Vessels with
Ornamental Plant Propagation: Seeds & Vegetative Methods
Ornamental Species Propagation Techniques and Management
Different propagation methods exist, depending on whether the species reproduces sexually (via seeds) or vegetatively (asexually).
Sexual Propagation (Seeds)
Sexual propagation involves the union of male and female sex cells to form a seed. Seeds are typically sown in seedbeds during the spring.
Substrate
Peat is the best substrate for initial propagation. After several weeks, when the shoots have grown, it’s better to transplant them into compost.
Read MoreKey Definitions in Chemistry and Biology
Chemistry Concepts
A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are transformed into different ones.
The greenhouse effect is the warming of the atmosphere and land surface following the absorption of radiation from the sun.
Body Mass Index (BMI): A measure that indicates whether a person is obese or underweight, calculated from height and weight.
A chemical formula is an abbreviated formulation of a chemical reaction.
Acid rain: Rain in which some substances react with water, making
Read MoreMicroscopes and Cellular Organization: Unveiling the Microscopic World
The Microscope
The Microscope: An optical instrument designed to observe extremely small objects, making them visible to the naked eye.
Cell Theory
In 1665, after observations with a compound microscope, it was indicated that cork plant material, apparently homogeneous, is composed of innumerable holes or cells that recalled a honeycomb. Since then, the term “cell” has been widely used. Soon after, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, with the help of simple microscopes of his own construction, made a series of
Read MoreBiological Wastewater Treatment: Processes and Applications
Biological Treatment
Biological treatment processes (BTPs) involve the destruction and conversion of organic chemical and biological pollutants. Inorganic chemicals cannot be destroyed by biological treatment, but they can potentially be converted in valence or oxidative state into compounds that meet permit levels, or inorganic pollutants that can be stripped from organic compounds biologically. In biological treatments, organic or hydrocarbon food serves as an energy source, or electron donor,
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