Abdominal Regions, Peritoneum, Spleen, and Liver Anatomy
Regions of the Abdomen
Two horizontal lines:
- The top line links the lowest point of the ribs.
- The bottom line joins the points of the elevated iliac crests.
Two vertical lines extend from a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis.
These lines define nine regions:
- Right and left hypochondriac
- Epigastric
- Right and left lumbar (flank)
- Umbilical
- Right and left iliac fossa (inguinal)
- Hypogastric
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a smooth serous membrane consisting of two separate
Read MoreHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Evolution
Genotype | Number of Individuals in the Population with that Genotype | Number of Allele A Contributed to the Gene Pool by that Genotype | Number of Allele a Contributed to the Gene Pool by that Genotype |
AA | 50 | 50×2=100 | 50×0=0 |
Aa | 40 | 40×1=40 | 40×1=40 |
aa | 10 | 10×0=0 | 10×2=20 |
Total | 100 | 140 | 60 |
Let the letter p stand for the frequency of allele A. Let the letter q stand for the frequency of allele a. We can calculate p and q as follows:
- p = number of A alleles/total number of alleles = 140/200 = 0.7
- q = number of a alleles/total number
Cell Types, Structures, and Division: A Comprehensive Overview
Cell Types and Characteristics
Protoctists
Algae
- Cell wall: Present
- Healthy cell: Cytoplasm contains one or more chloroplasts and performs photosynthesis.
Protozoa
- Actively move using flagella or cilia.
Fungi
- Thick cell wall made of chitin.
- Heterotrophic nutrition.
Plant Cells
- Cell wall composed of cellulose.
- Membrane contains chloroplasts (green).
- Do not move if vacuoles are present.
Animal Cells
- Some have flagella, many organelles in the cytoplasm.
Multicellular Organisms
Animal Tissues
- Epithelial: Covers internal
Cellular Components and Their Functions
Cytosol
The cytosol is the semi-solid fraction of the cell, primarily composed of water, salts, and both small and large water-soluble molecules. It includes supramolecular complexes such as the cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and centrioles. Additionally, it contains polysaccharide granules, lipid droplets, and pigments. The majority of cellular metabolism, including protein synthesis in ribosomes, occurs here.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that maintains cell structure and
Read MoreUnderstanding Viruses: Composition, Types, and Cycles
Concept of Virus
Viruses are very simple, microscopic particles that consist only of a nucleic acid (viral genome) and some envelope proteins (capsid). Therefore, they are not cells and are not surrounded by membranes, forming acellular organizational systems. They exist on the boundary between the living and the nonliving.
Composition of Viruses
The composition of a virus is very simple, consisting of a single molecule of nucleic acid, which can be:
- Single-stranded RNA
- Double-stranded RNA
- Single-stranded
Biological Energy Processes and Genetic Variation
Biological Processes that Generate Energy
1. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria capture and utilize light energy to convert inorganic matter from their external environment into organic matter used for growth and development.
2. Chemosynthesis: The biological production of organic matter from molecules of carbon and other nutrients, using the oxidation of inorganic molecules.
3. Anaerobic Respiration: A biological process of oxidation-reduction of sugars and other
Read More