Genetic Engineering, Cell Structures, and Key Differences
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is a science that occupies the manipulation of genetic material. The human genome is the complete sequence of DNA.
Techniques
- Recombinant DNA: A gene is inserted into a plasmid (circular DNA different from bacterial chromosome). Before the DNA has been cut with restriction enzymes, it is a way to clone the bacterial gene. Applications: Synthesis of medicines (insulin, coagulation factors, growth hormone, interferon, vaccines), livestock (cows with less fat),
Cilia and Flagella: Structure, Movement, and Function
Cilia and flagella are mobile extensions found in various cell types. A cilium is typically 5-10 μm in length and found in tubular epithelia, measuring about 2 μm in thickness. Their pedaling or undulating movements help to drag particles, agitate, and circulate fluids on the cell surface.
Ciliary Structure
Structurally, a cilium is integrated with the ciliary membrane and the axoneme, which is embedded in the ciliary matrix. Key components include the stem, transition zone, and ciliary basal body.
Read MoreDNA Origami, Bioprinting, PFCs, and Biomimicry
DNA Origami
DNA origami is a revolutionary technique that leverages the unique properties of DNA to create nanoscale structures with remarkable precision and complexity. This method, developed by Paul Rothemund in 2006, involves folding a single, long DNA strand into a desired shape through the strategic placement of shorter “staple” strands.
Key Features of DNA Origami:
- Molecular Sculpting: DNA origami allows scientists to design and construct nanoscale shapes and structures, essentially sculpting
Understanding Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Lipids: An Overview
What are lipids and what do they do? Lipids are molecules insoluble in water and less dense than it.
There are two major types: triglycerides and cholesterol esters.
Animals use them as long-term energy reserves, for insulation, and as protective tissues. Plants store them in seeds and fruits.
Triglycerides
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Fatty acids may be:
- Saturated (butyric, stearic, palmitic)
- Unsaturated:
- Monounsaturated: oleic
- Polyunsaturated: linoleic, linolenic, Omega-3, Omega-6
There are
Read MoreOrigin of Life and Biological Evolution
The Origin of Life
Spontaneous Generation: It was previously thought that living things arose from decaying organic matter, and any small demonstrations against that idea were rejected.
Pasteur’s Demonstration: Louis Pasteur demonstrated the falsehood of the traditional beliefs. His experiments showed that air contains organisms that break down organic matter, concluding: Every living thing comes from another living being.
Biological Evolution: The Origin of Biodiversity
Biological evolution is the
Read MoreCellular and Tissue Biology: An Overview
Atom: Chemical parts, mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Molecules: Components from cells that form structures, including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, transported through cells and the bloodstream.
Cell: The basic unit of living beings, capable of manufacturing its own components.
Bone: A collection of cells.
Body: Formed by different tissues with specific functions.
Apparatus or System: An association of organs working together to perform a vital function.
Homeostasis: The balance
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