Diaphragm: Anatomy, Function, and Attachments
The diaphragm forms the floor of the rib cage. It is a very wide, flat muscle that separates the chest wall from the abdomen. It is shaped like a dome, whose base corresponds to the lower chest girth and is wider transversely than anteroposteriorly. The convexity is related to the thoracic viscera and the concavity with the abdominal viscera.
Besides the lower attachment, the plan will lower the chest up and down, tilt the steering wheel, and move front to back.
The diaphragmatic dome rises a bit
Read MoreEcosystem Dynamics: Natural vs. Artificial Changes
Changes in Natural Ecosystems
Ecosystems are dynamic structures that vary over time, tending towards an equilibrium state with minimal change. For an ecosystem to be in equilibrium, at least two conditions must be met:
- Environmental factors must remain stable.
- The number of individuals in the population should remain relatively constant.
The state of equilibrium in an ecosystem is an ideal, as all ecosystems are subject to internal and external changes.
These changes may be due to various causes and
Read MoreNitrites and Nitrates in Food: Uses, Risks, and Safety
Nitrites and Nitrates: E-249 Potassium nitrite (KNO2), E-250 Sodium nitrite (NaNO2), E-251 Sodium nitrate (NaNO3), E-252 Potassium nitrate (KNO3)
1. Nitrates and Nitrites: Growth Inhibitors
Nitrates and nitrites are potent inhibitors of the growth of Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that produces botulinum toxin, which is extremely toxic. A dose of 0.1 to 1 millionth of a gram can be fatal, although the toxin is destroyed by heat. This toxin causes botulism, a potentially fatal disease.
2. Historical
Read MoreUnderstanding Evolution: Evidence, Theories, and Mechanisms
Evolution is the process that explains the diversity of species. It is caused by changes transmitted to offspring. Evolution is a fact.
Evidence of Evolution
Palaeontology
Palaeontology is the study of fossils (remains of past organisms). Dating determines when a fossil or rock was formed or when a geological event occurred. Dating can be relative or absolute.
Methods of Dating
- Position of strata (depth = oldest)
- Radioactive isotopes
Biogeography
Each continent has its flora and fauna. The presence of some
Read MoreSputum and Vomit: Collection, Analysis, and Types
1. Sampling of Nasal Discharge
It involves introducing a sterile swab through the nose and gently rotating it until reaching the nasopharynx. The swab is then placed in a properly labeled transport tube and sent to the laboratory.
2. Sampling of Throat
Contact the sterile swab with the tonsils, pharynx, and any other potentially affected area, avoiding the tongue and buccal walls. A tongue depressor can facilitate this maneuver. Once sampled, the swab is placed in its container, properly labeled,
Understanding Neurons, Synapses, and Sensory Systems
Relations Function
The ability to capture pair changes or stimuli in the environment and respond if necessary.
Neurons
Santiago Ramon y Cajal concluded that the nervous system comprised independent cells, or “neurons.” His work earned him the Nobel Prize in 1906 and led to the neuron theory. Neurons are special cells with a common pattern:
- A central, enlarged part (soma or cell body). This contains the core and most cellular organelles.
- A unique, often enormously long prolongation, the “axon.” It has