Understanding Human Sensory Receptors and Brain Anatomy
Human Sensory Receptors
Photoreceptors: Light – eyes – sight
Mechanoreceptors: Pressure (movement) – skin and muscles – touch
Vibration (waves): Ears – hearing
Chemoreceptors: Dissolved chemical substances – tongue – taste
Volatile chemical substances: Nasal passage – smell
Thermoreceptors: Changes in temperature – skin – touch
Brain Anatomy and Function
Cerebrum | Skull Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid | – Largest part of the brain – Made of white matter (inside) and grey matter (outside) – Divided into hemispheres | Responsible |
Upper and Lower Limb Anatomy: Muscles, Arteries, and Nerves
Upper Limb Anatomy
Superficial Posterior Muscles
- Trapezius
- Deltoids
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii
- Brachioradialis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Anconeus
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor digitorum
Anterior Muscles
- Trapezius
- Deltoids
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii
- Pectoralis major
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
- Pronator teres
- Flexor carpi radialis
Deeper Muscles (Back)
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboid minor
- Rhomboid major
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Teres major
- Latissimus dorsi
Anterior Ligaments
- Coracoacromial ligament
- Superior transverse
DNA Replication and Operons: Mechanisms in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes: Initiation and Elongation
Initiation Phase: In prokaryotes, DNA replication begins with the initiation phase.
Elongation Phase: This phase involves the synthesis of a new DNA strand. Several DNA polymerase enzymes are involved, primarily DNA polymerase I, II, and III. These enzymes have a dual function:
- Polymerase Activity (5′-3′): Nucleotides bind to the DNA, recognizing the template strand and selecting complementary deoxyribonucleotides. The energy for forming new
Protozoa, Algae, Monera, and Viruses: Characteristics & Types
Protozoa: Characteristics and Types
- Features:
- Unicellular organisms capable of performing all vital functions.
- Heterotrophic: They feed on bacteria, organic debris, and other organic matter.
- Live in aquatic environments, both freshwater and saltwater; most are free-living.
- Types:
- Flagellates: Move by flagella. Some are free-living, and others are parasites. Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness.
- Ciliates: Move by cilia. Free-living and parasitic. The Paramecium has two nuclei and is slipper-shaped.
- Rhizopods:
Infectious Diseases: Pathogens, Spread, and Immunity
Epidemics and Pandemics
Epidemic: An infectious disease outbreak that spreads quickly, affecting many people within the same region.
Pandemic: An epidemic that affects multiple countries or continents.
Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
Emerging Diseases: Diseases caused by previously unknown germs.
Re-emerging Diseases: Diseases that reappear after a significant decline. Examples include:
- Polio
- Tuberculosis
- Dengue
- Malaria
Germ Theory
The theory that each infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism,
Read MoreEcology: Organism-Environment Relationships & Key Concepts
What is Ecology?
Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The environment includes the physical and chemical conditions as well as the biological or living components of an organism’s surroundings. Relationships include interactions with the physical world as well as with members of the same and other species.
Historical Roots of Ecology
Ecology has its origins in natural history and plant geography. Over the past century, it has developed into a
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