Understanding Heart, Lungs, Puberty, Immunity, and Prevention
Heart Anatomy and Physiology
The heart, a muscular organ, is located below the sternum and between the lungs. Its bottom part is in contact with the diaphragm. It is composed of two atria and two ventricles. The heart also has four valves: the tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and aortic valve.
The heart’s physiology involves two circulations. The large systemic circulation is the movement of blood that leaves the heart and supplies the body. The small pulmonary circulation is the movement
Read MoreEvolutionary Biology: Key Concepts and Theories
Key Concepts in Evolutionary Biology
PUNT (Punctuated Equilibrium): The theory suggests that there are certain periods of intense speciation which interrupt the equilibrium of normal adaptation.
Fixism: Upholds the idea that species on Earth were created by God.
Catastrophism: Proposed by Cuvier, it maintained that fossils were the remains of extinct species that had died out as a result of catastrophes.
Evolution: Maintains that species undergo a process of transformation which results in the appearance
Read MoreTaste and Hearing: Anatomy, Function, and Disorders
Taste
- Taste receptors are chemoreceptors.
- Taste buds are directly related to nerve fibers.
- The structure of language is important in taste perception.
- Monosodium glutamate is responsible for the umami flavor.
- Flavors are perceived in the palatal portion of the tongue.
- The tongue structure is flexible, not rigid.
- Filiform papillae are also known as conical papillae.
- Taste buds are inside the taste bud.
- Saliva contributes to, rather than decreases, the perception of taste by degrading food and chemical substances.
Cheetah: Speed, Size, Hunting, and Reproduction Facts
Cheetah: Facts About the Fastest Land Animal
The cheetah measures between 110 and 150 cm in length, to which a tail of between 55 to 80 cm must be added. Its height at the withers is 74 to 90 cm, and it weighs between 35 and 60 kg. Males are slightly larger than females.
Heart and Speed
The cheetah has the biggest heart in proportion to its size of all felines.
It runs at a maximum speed of between 95 and 115 km/h (it can reach 95 km/h in just three seconds). However, if it does not reach its prey in
Read MoreMicroorganisms, Viruses, and Kingdoms: A Biology Overview
MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms belong to the Monera, Protist, and Fungi kingdoms. Examples include *Escherichia coli*, *Amoeba*, and *Amanita*.
They are harmful or beneficial to humans.
Beneficial microorganisms:
- Some perform photosynthesis, providing food for other living things and releasing O2.
- Some decompose organic matter.
- Some provide us with antibiotics (which destroy harmful microorganisms such as bacteria).
- Some help plants obtain certain nutrients (bacteria as well).
- Others are used in the creation
Cereal Grains, Legumes, and Oils: Composition and Uses
Grains, Legumes, and Oils: Nutritional Significance
Grains are the most consumed food group worldwide, representing the primary source of calories for humans. In less affluent areas, they also serve as the main source of protein.
Legumes provide higher quality protein than cereals. They are rich in lysine, although they are poor in sulfur-containing amino acids. Legumes are a good complement to cereals.
Oilseeds: Their main function is oil production. They also contain protein, even more than the other
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