Essential Microbiology & Immunology Terms
Sterilization:
Destroying all microorganisms existing in any substrate.
Chemotherapeutic Agents:
Antimicrobial agents used effectively to combat infectious microbes.
Pasteurization:
Used to eliminate most microorganisms from foods.
Disinfectants:
Kill microorganisms that cause disease but do not necessarily destroy all forms (like spores).
Antiseptics:
Substances used to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes present on skin or wounds.
Selective Toxicity:
Ability to kill or inhibit disease-causing microbes
Read MoreUnderstanding Human Reproductive Processes and Health
FUNCTION.REPRO – GAMETOGENESIS: Gametes are formed in gonads.
Fertilization
: Internal joining of two gametes forms the zygote.Embryo Development
: The zygote undergoes cell division until it becomes an embryo that continues developing into a fetus.Childbirth
: The baby is born alive and fully formed.Development
: The baby grows and reaches maturity (adulthood).Changes at Sexual Maturity
– Primary Sex Characteristics:Puberty
: For people to reproduce, organs must mature (ages of 10 to 16).Sex Hormones
:Human Body Structure and Organization
Levels of Human Body Organization
The human body is composed of many elements, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
- Elements: Basic substances that make up matter.
- Atoms: The smallest units of elements that form living organisms.
- Molecules: Components from which cells build their structures.
- Cells: The basic unit of living beings.
- Tissue: A group of specialized cells associated to perform a specific function.
- Organs: Formed by different tissues working together for a specific function.
Hormonal Imbalances: Causes, Effects, and Key Endocrine Concepts
Endocrine Disorders and Hormonal Imbalances
Cushing’s Disease
Cushing’s disease is characterized by the excessive breakdown of tissue proteins and lipid reserves, and impaired glucose metabolism.
- Primary Cause: Overproduction of glucocorticosteroids.
Diabetes Insipidus: Key Symptoms
Polyuria
Polyuria is excessive urination associated with diabetes insipidus.
- Cause: Underproduction of ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone).
Polydipsia
Polydipsia is excessive thirst associated with diabetes insipidus.
- Cause: Associated
Biological Evolution: Core Theories and Evidentiary Support
Unit 5: Understanding Evolution
Evolution explains the origin of diverse life forms as a result of changes in their genetic makeup. It posits that all species descended from other, distinct, pre-existing species. Natural processes, including mechanisms like natural selection, have shaped life on Earth over vast periods, long before Darwin’s pivotal contributions.
1. Fixist Theories
These theories propose that living beings were created by God and have experienced no changes or modifications (remaining
Read MoreKey Concepts in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology
Fluid Dynamics and Capillary Exchange
Factors Affecting Capillary Fluid Shift
- Hemorrhage: Leads to a decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure, causing a fluid shift towards absorption from the interstitium.
- Exercise: Increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, promoting a fluid shift towards filtration into the interstitium.
- Malnutrition: Results in decreased plasma protein concentration (and thus decreased plasma oncotic pressure), leading to a fluid shift towards filtration.