Understanding Blood Vessels, Heart Anatomy, and Cardiac Cycle
Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
There are three types of blood vessels:
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
Arteries
Arteries are blood vessels with thick, elastic walls. They carry blood from the heart to the organs and branch off into smaller arteries.
Veins
Veins are blood vessels with thinner and less elastic walls than arteries. They have valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. They channel blood from the organs to the heart and are formed by the joining of small veins called venules.
Read MorePlant Physiology: Processes and Mechanisms
Root Pressure
Root pressure is maintained by water accumulation in the root tissues. This generates pressure on xylem sap, pushing it upwards. Guttation is evidence of this phenomenon, typically in tropical jungles.
Gas Exchange
Stomata
Stomata are specialized structures of the epidermis formed by two kidney-shaped cells, called guard cells, which define a space between them, the ostiole. After entering the ostiole, CO2 diffuses into the intercellular spaces of the tissue, enters the cells, and reaches
Read MoreUnderstanding Supracondylar Humerus Fractures & Peptic Ulcers
Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus
A supracondylar fracture involves the lower end of the humerus, usually affecting the thin portion through the olecranon fossa, just above the fossa, or the metaphysis.
- Most common elbow injuries in children.
- Makes up approximately 60% of elbow injuries.
- Becomes uncommon as age increases.
Fracture Complications
- Compartment syndrome
- Vascular injury/compromise
- Loss of reduction/Malunion – cubitus varus
- Loss of motion
- Pin track infection
- Neurovascular injury with pin placement
Treatment
Read MoreThorax and Abdominal Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Muscles of the Thorax and Abdomen
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicular, sternal, and abdominal parts.
Insertion: Crest of the humerus (subtrochanteric crest).
Function:
Clavicular part: Flexion.
Sternal part: Adduction and internal rotation.
Abdominal part: Extension.
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Coracoid process of the scapula.
Insertion: Anterior surfaces of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs.
Function: Pulls the ribs up towards the coracoid process, bringing the scapula forward and downward.
Serratus Anterior
Origin:
Read MoreUnderstanding the Lymphatic and Cardiovascular Systems
The Lymphatic Circulatory System
The lymphatic system is responsible for collecting the excess liquid remaining between the cells and returning it to the blood. It also transports fats absorbed in the intestine.
The lymphatic circulatory system is simpler than the blood circulatory system. It comprises the following components:
- Lymphatic capillaries: Small, blind-ended vessels finely distributed in all tissues. They are responsible for collecting the interstitial fluid.
- Lymphatic vessels: Vessels with
Ornamental Plant Propagation: Seeds & Vegetative Methods
Ornamental Species Propagation Techniques and Management
Different propagation methods exist, depending on whether the species reproduces sexually (via seeds) or vegetatively (asexually).
Sexual Propagation (Seeds)
Sexual propagation involves the union of male and female sex cells to form a seed. Seeds are typically sown in seedbeds during the spring.
Substrate
Peat is the best substrate for initial propagation. After several weeks, when the shoots have grown, it’s better to transplant them into compost.
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