Human Interaction, Nervous and Endocrine Systems
1. The Interaction Process
This function includes a series of processes whose objectives are:
- To adapt the body to changing conditions, in the internal as well as external environment.
- To connect and coordinate the different parts of our body so that they work together.
1.1. Homeostasis
Homeostasis processes maintain the body’s stability when there are changes in the internal environment.
Homeostasis processes work like a feedback device. This means that when a variation is detected in a particular element,
Read MoreKidney Anatomy and Physiology: Calyces, Pelvis, Nephron
The kidneys are complex organs responsible for filtering blood and maintaining homeostasis. This document details their key anatomical structures and physiological processes.
Kidney Anatomy
Calyces and Renal Pelvis
Calyces: These are smaller, cup-shaped structures where urine collection begins. Minor calyces surround each renal papilla (the tip of a renal pyramid). They are small membranous ducts that open into the major calyces.
Major Calyces: Typically, there are three major calyces: superior, middle,
Read MorePatient Feeding Methods and Renal System Functions
Oral Feeding
Patient retains the capacity to swallow, with or without difficulty, and can eat by mouth.
Enteral Feeding
Food is administered by a trained professional, such as a pharmacist. Food may be crushed and administered via a tube that goes from the nose to the stomach (nasogastric) or duodenum (nasoduodenal).
Parenteral Route
Food is delivered directly to the circulatory system via a catheter, using a drip method.
Patient Dependency
The patient may be partly or totally dependent.
Food Recommendations
Position
Read MoreBrain Anatomy: Neural Pathways and Structures
Sensory Pathways
Pain
- Enkephalin-containing neuron in the periaqueductal gray matter
- Locus coeruleus
- Lateral reticular formation
- Brain stem tegmental noradrenergic cell groups
- Descending norepinephrine pathway
- Corticonuclear fibers
- Descending serotonin pathway
- Spinoreticular pathway
- Posterolateral funiculus
- Anterolateral funiculus
- Enkephalin-containing neurons in the substantia gelatinosa
- Afferent pain neuron of dorsal root ganglion
Taste
Taste
- Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus
- Lateral hypothalamic
Abdominal Regions, Peritoneum, Spleen, and Liver Anatomy
Regions of the Abdomen
Two horizontal lines:
- The top line links the lowest point of the ribs.
- The bottom line joins the points of the elevated iliac crests.
Two vertical lines extend from a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis.
These lines define nine regions:
- Right and left hypochondriac
- Epigastric
- Right and left lumbar (flank)
- Umbilical
- Right and left iliac fossa (inguinal)
- Hypogastric
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a smooth serous membrane consisting of two separate
Read MoreHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Evolution
Genotype | Number of Individuals in the Population with that Genotype | Number of Allele A Contributed to the Gene Pool by that Genotype | Number of Allele a Contributed to the Gene Pool by that Genotype |
AA | 50 | 50×2=100 | 50×0=0 |
Aa | 40 | 40×1=40 | 40×1=40 |
aa | 10 | 10×0=0 | 10×2=20 |
Total | 100 | 140 | 60 |
Let the letter p stand for the frequency of allele A. Let the letter q stand for the frequency of allele a. We can calculate p and q as follows:
- p = number of A alleles/total number of alleles = 140/200 = 0.7
- q = number of a alleles/total number