Enzyme Kinetics and Regulation Mechanisms
Enzyme Reactions and Characteristics
1. CH3CH2COO– to CH3CH3 + CO2 – Lyase
2. D-amino acid to L-amino acid – Isomerase
3. Adenylribose + H2O – Hydrolase
4. An enzyme is inhibited competitively, but to varying degrees, by the same concentration of three different inhibitors – Lower Km indicates higher affinity.
5. The figure corresponds to the kinetics of inhibition of an enzyme assay. Curve I could correspond to a curve in the absence of an inhibitor.
6. Isoenzyme is defined as: e. None of the above
Biology Basics: Key Concepts and Definitions
Surface Tension in Water
What is surface tension in water? Water molecules forming a ‘skin’ on the surface.
Levels of Organization in Living Things
Which level of organization in living things is directly above the cell? Tissue.
Ecology
What does the field of ecology study? Interactions between organisms and their environment.
Elements in Biomolecules
Elements that form carbohydrates and proteins: C, H, O.
The Scientific Method
What is the purpose of forming a hypothesis in the scientific method? To make
Read MorePhotosynthesis, Respiration, Reproduction & Stimuli Response
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. What is Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration?
Photosynthesis: It is a process carried out by living organisms, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules absorbed from the environment, using the sun’s energy. Photosynthesis primarily takes place in the leaves and stems where chlorophyll is present.
Cellular Respiration: It is a process of decomposition of glucose molecules to release energy, which
Read MoreCell Structures, Mitosis, and Meiosis
Cell Structures and Their Functions
Mitochondria: These have a double membrane. The outer membrane is flat, and the inner is folded, forming cristae. Cellular respiration takes place inside.
Ribosomes: Made up of two subunits, ribosomes synthesize cell proteins.
Golgi Apparatus: Stacks of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae, which form vesicles. It processes and packages substances.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: A network of flattened membrane sacs and tubes. It transports proteins and sends them to the
Cellular Organization: Abiotic and Biotic Levels Explained
1. Levels of Organization: The Atom in the Body
All matter in the universe is made up of atoms. Living beings are also composed of atoms, although we are a complex mix of chemicals, highly organized into complex structures. The successive structural complexity that organizes matter, from the atom to the creature, is known as organizational levels.
1.1 Levels of Organization
1.1.1 Abiotic Levels
Abiotic levels comprise different levels of organization of matter without life.
- Atomic Level: This is the
MRI and fMRI: History, Components, and Signal Measurement
A Brief History of MRI & fMRI
- 1921/22 – Quantum Spin Discovered (Stern & Gerlach): Showed that atomic particles have intrinsic quantum properties (spin), a foundation for magnetic resonance.
- 1946 – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in Bulk Matter (Bloch & Purcell): Demonstrated that nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit radio waves, leading to MRI development.
- 1971 – First Medical Application of MRI (Damadian): Showed cancerous tissue has different NMR signals than healthy