Human Biology Key Concepts: Nerves, Muscles, Systems
Nervous System Fundamentals
- Information relay to muscles: Motor neurons relay information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles.
- Neuron resting potential: Approximately -70 millivolts for most neurons.
- Motor neuron conducting zone: Includes the axon.
- Sodium-potassium pump mechanism: Moves ions across the neuron membrane via active transport.
- Resting membrane potential definition: The voltage difference between the inside and outside of a neuron’s plasma membrane.
- Action potential nature: An all-or-
Assisted Reproduction, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine
Reproducción Humana Asistida
Inseminación Artificial
Es la técnica más sencilla y antigua. Consiste en introducir artificialmente espermatozoides, previamente obtenidos del hombre, dentro del tracto genital femenino. Se utiliza cuando la concentración de espermatozoides es baja o carecen de suficiente movilidad, o si el tracto femenino no presenta las condiciones adecuadas para el desplazamiento de los espermatozoides.
Fecundación In Vitro (FIV) y Transferencia Embrionaria
Consiste en fecundar
Read MoreCongenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Management
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Anatomic Lung Alterations
- Failure of the Bochdalek foramen of the diaphragm to close.
- Migration of the intestines into the thorax.
- Atelectasis.
- Complete lung collapse.
- Mediastinal shift to the unaffected side of the thorax.
- Reduction in the number of bronchial generations and alveoli per acinus.
Etiology
A congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs in approximately 1 out of 2,000 to 4,000 live births. The baby is usually mature at birth. Two-thirds of affected infants are
Read MoreDental Medications and Radiography Techniques
Key Medications in Dentistry
Local Anesthesia
- Ester Family: Example: Procaine. Lower usage due to potential for allergic reactions.
- Amide Family: Examples: Lidocaine, Mepivacaine. Generally considered safer.
Anesthetic Techniques
- Infiltrative Technique: Used for periapical areas of mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth. Anesthetizes nerve endings in a specific territory.
- Maxillary Anesthesia (Surgical/Endodontic): Targets only the pulp of the tooth (periapical infiltration).
- Maxillary Anesthesia (Periodontal/
Microscopy History, Sample Prep, and Cell Types
History of Optical Microscopy
Key Milestones
- 1611: Johannes Kepler suggests methods for constructing a compound microscope.
- 1655: Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, introducing the concept of the biological ‘cell’.
- Mid-17th Century: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek builds over 200 simple microscopes (single high-magnification lenses, up to 270x).
- Early 19th Century: Giovanni Battista Amici makes significant improvements by correcting spherical and chromatic aberrations in lenses.
- Late 19th Century: Ernst Abbe
Anatomy of the Orbit, Eyeball, and Mammary Gland
Anatomy of the Orbit
The orbit is the pyramidal bone cavity of the face’s skeleton. It contains and protects the eyeball along with most of the lacrimal apparatus.
Orbit Limits:
- Roof: Frontal and sphenoid bones.
- Medial Wall: Sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, and lacrimal bones.
- Floor: Maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine bones.
- Lateral Wall: Sphenoid and zygomatic bones.
- Apex: Optic canal.
Orbit Content:
The orbit contains the eyeball, optic nerve, eye muscles, fascia, nerves, vessels, fat, lacrimal glands, and lacrimal
Read More