Essential Concepts in Biology, Ecology, and Disaster Management
Disaster Management Principles and Practices
Post-Disaster Management Activities
- Providing all types of necessary help to victims of disasters.
- Participation of preferably local people saved from the disaster in arranging help for victims.
- Quick establishment of help centers. Different types of disasters require different types of control centers.
- Categorization of help material received from the control center, delivering the material to victims, and continuous review of the assistance provided.
- Being
Essential Concepts in Organic Chemistry and Pharmacology
Conformational Isomers of n-Butane (C4H10)
Conformational isomers, also known as conformers or rotamers, are molecules that share the same molecular formula and bond sequence but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement of atoms. This difference arises due to rotation around single bonds.
Staggered and Eclipsed Conformations
When we rotate the carbon-carbon single bond in n-butane, we observe two main types of conformations:
- Staggered Conformation: In this conformation, the hydrogen atoms on adjacent
Placental Structure, Circulation, and Hormonal Function
Vascular Villi Organization
The vascular villi are formed by the smooth chorion and become individualized. Along the axes of these primitive villi, 25 to 50 daughter villi (free or hooked) develop for each primitive villus. Most reach the basal plate and are inserted into it.
The primitive villus hypertrophies, and its trunk is called the first-order villous stem. This stem gives rise to second-order villous stems, which divide in turn into third-order villous stems that adhere to the basal plate.
Read MoreMicrobiology Exam Review: Taxonomy, Viruses, and Fungi
Historical Shifts in Biological Taxonomy (1900–Present)
Significant changes in biological classification systems since 1900:
- The earliest change started with Carl von Nägeli in the 1800s, who proposed bacteria and fungi be placed in the Plant Kingdom. However, in 1959, they were given their own kingdoms.
- In 1937, the term prokaryote was introduced, and Robert G. E. Murray proposed the Kingdom Prokaryotae.
- In the 1960s, the molecular clock was proposed, establishing an evolutionary timeline based
Key Theories and Concepts in Evolutionary Biology
Foundational Theories of Species Change
Fixism: Species Stability Theory
Fixism is the theory that species were created following a predetermined pattern and, therefore, have always remained the same.
Key proponents include Georges Cuvier and Carl Linnaeus.
Evolutionism: Species Transformation
Evolutionism defends the idea that species have changed and transformed over time.
Key proponents include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Darwin, and Alfred Wallace.
Key Figures and Contributions
- Georges Cuvier: Catastrophism.
Key Concepts in Biotechnology, Genomics, and Environmental Science
Biotechnology: Definition and Scope
Biotechnology is a science that integrates the natural sciences and engineering principles to implement organisms, cells, parts of cells, and their molecules in the development of useful products and services for human benefit. These products include pharmaceuticals like insulin or antibiotics.
Key Materials in Biotechnology
The essential working materials in biotechnology include:
- Restriction enzymes.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) components.
Core Biotechnology Techniques
Key
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