Periodontal Pockets: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Clinical Features of Periodontal Pockets
Symptoms:
- Localized pain or sensation of pressure which diminishes with time
- Foul taste or odor
- Tendency to suck material from interproximal areas
- Radiating pain “deep in the bone”
- Urge to dig with any pointed object
- Gnawing feeling or itchy gums
Clinical Signs:
- Sulcus depth more than 3 mm
- Enlarged bluish-red margin
- Bluish-red vertical zone
- Break in the bucco-lingual continuity
- Shiny, puffy gingiva with exposed root surfaces
Histopathology of Periodontal Pockets
Soft
Read MoreHeart Function, Blood Circulation, and Kidney Filtration
Heart Function and Blood Circulation
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Atrial Systole
The atria contract, pumping blood into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves.
Ventricular Systole
The ventricles contract. Blood exits into the pulmonary artery and aorta as the semilunar valves open. Simultaneously, the atrioventricular valves close.
Diastole
The heart relaxes. Blood from the vena cavae and pulmonary veins enters the atria. Blood just pumped into the arteries cannot return to the ventricles due
Cell Biology: Characteristics, Structure, and Processes
Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Nutrition: Taking in, absorbing, and assimilating nutrients (organic substances, mineral ions) containing raw materials/energy for growth and tissue repair.
- Plants: Photosynthesis – H2O, CO2, Light
- Excretion: Removal of toxic materials and waste products of metabolism and substances in excess, produced by chemical reactions in cells (respiration).
- Respiration: Breaking down food in cells to release energy.
- Sensitivity: Sensing and responding to changes in the environment
Photosynthesis: The Core of Life on Earth
What is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the chemical process by which green plants, certain algae, and some bacteria capture light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy. Plants contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, located in the chloroplasts of their cells. This pigment absorbs sunlight’s energy and uses it to produce carbohydrates like glucose from water and carbon dioxide. As a byproduct, photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, crucial for life and respiration.
Read MoreCell Biology: Structure, Function, Mitosis, and Meiosis
Cell Biology: Structure, Function, and Reproduction
Cell: The fundamental physiological, morphological, developmental, reproductive, and genetic unit of organisms.
It is the smallest unit of life.
There are two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotes possess a cell wall but lack a nucleus.
Eukaryotes are divided into animal and plant cells.
Animal cells, unlike plant cells, contain lysosomes that absorb lipids. Plant cells, unlike animal cells, have a cell wall made of cellulose.
Cytoplasmic
Read MoreCellular Organization: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
Cellular Organization: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Types of Cellular Organization
Eukaryotic Cell Organization: Possesses cytoplasmic compartments surrounded by membranes, producing specific chemical reactions.
Prokaryotic Cell Organization: Lacks internal compartments surrounded by membranes and a true nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cells
Plasma Membrane: The cell boundary between the cell’s interior and the external environment.
Nucleoid: The region inside the cell containing hereditary material, typically a single
Read More