Enzyme Activity Control and Genetic Engineering Techniques
Enzyme Activity Regulation
Any substance that reduces the velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be called an inhibitor. The inhibition of enzyme activity is one of the major regulatory mechanisms of the cell. It is of the following types:
Types of Enzyme Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Here, organic molecules compete with the substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme. Such inhibitors show a close resemblance to the substrate of the enzyme. Instead of the enzyme-substrate complex,
Microbiology Fundamentals: Cells, Pathogens, and Immunity
General Microbiology Fundamentals
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic: No nucleus (e.g., Bacteria, Archaea)
Eukaryotic: Possess a nucleus (e.g., Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals)
Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms
Bacteria and Protists are unicellular; Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular; Plants and Animals are multicellular.
Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophs: Produce their own food (e.g., plants)
Heterotrophs: Consume other organisms (e.g., animals)
Decomposers: Break down dead organic matter
Biology Core Concepts: Respiration, Photosynthesis, Cell Division
Biology Chapter 4: Cellular Respiration & Energy
Question 1: How many molecules of ATP (or the equivalent) are produced per each turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Answer: One
Question 2: What process makes bread dough rise?
Answer: Fermentation
Question 3: Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of glucose and used short-term to perform work from an ATP molecule.
Answer: Glucose: ATP
Question 4: The energy currency used by cells is ______.
Answer: ATP
Question 5: Which of the following statements about
Fundamental Scientific Concepts: Biology, Physics, and Earth Science
The Greenhouse Effect Explained
The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon whereby certain gases, components of the planetary atmosphere, retain some of the energy emitted by the soil after being heated by solar radiation. It affects all planetary bodies possessing an atmosphere. According to current scientific consensus, the greenhouse effect is being intensified on Earth by the emission of certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, primarily due to human economic activity. This phenomenon prevents
Read MoreFundamental Cellular Processes: DNA, Gene Expression, Energy
DNA Replication In Vitro: Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA Replication: Parental strands separate, complementary strands are made, and daughter strands are created.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): A method of making copies, allowing a targeted region of DNA to be replicated (amplified) into as many copies as desired. PCR requires:
- Template DNA
- DNA Polymerase
- Four bases (dNTPs)
- Two primers
This process makes 2n copies.
Oligonucleotides: Primer sequences, typically 20-30 nucleotides long, are added so the number
Read MoreKey Ecological Concepts: Productivity, Homeostasis, Energy Flow, Nitrogen Cycle
Understanding Ecological Productivity
Productivity refers to the amount of organic matter, or food, prepared by a plant. When measured at any unit of time, it is known as the rate of productivity of that ecosystem.
Productivity is categorized into the following types:
- Primary Productivity
- Secondary Productivity
- Net Productivity
Primary Productivity
Primary productivity is the production capability of a plant. It is always associated with autotrophs or photosynthetic organisms, primarily green plants. Some
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