Comprehensive Guide to Respiratory Physiology: Functions, Mechanisms, and Regulation
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Regulation of blood pH
- Protection against microbes
- Making sounds used for speaking
Gas Exchange and Transport
Alveolar Sac
Function: Production of surfactant
Anatomical Dead Space
Structure NOT included: Respiratory bronchiole
Inhalation/Inspiration
Cause: Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm
Intrapleural Pressure
Normal state: Lower than alveolar pressure
Pressure Gradient
Effect on inhalation/inspiration: Increased pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli
Read MorePatient Monitoring and Vital Signs
CVP
Especially in patients admitted to the ICU, central venous pressure (CVP) can be measured. This method measures the blood pressure in the vena cava and right atrium. The values range from 6 to 12 cm of water in the vena cava and between 0 and 4 cm of water in the right atrium. During the process, the patient should be supine.
The nursing assistant cannot measure this parameter but should assist at any time in the process, having all the material ready, assisting in the development of the procedure,
Read MoreCellular Biology: Nutrition, Relationship, and Reproduction
1. The Functions of Nutrition
Nutrition is the set of processes by which organisms exchange energy and matter with their environment.
1.1 Nutrition in the Cells
It develops in three phases:
- The entry of materials into the cell
- The use of matter and energy
- The excretion of waste products
The Entry of Materials into the Cell
The substances needed for nutrition (nutrients) enter cells through transport mechanisms controlled by the plasma membrane. The large particles of food must be subjected to digestion
Read MoreAllergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Immunodeficiency: A Comprehensive Guide
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“*** Allergic Rhinitis: Def/ Classification /etiopathogensis:
^^ Classifciation :
| Innermittent allergic Rhinitis | Persistent Allergic Rhinits |
| Sx | Sx >4Days >4Weeks |
| Mild : -Normal sleep -No impairment of daily activites -Normal School and work -No troubling sx | Moderate /Severe: -Abnormal Sleep -Impariment of daily activity -Abnomal school and work -troublesome Sx |
^^EtioPx:
Cardiotonic and Hemostatic Drugs: Mechanisms, Effects, and Applications
FCOS CARDIOTONIC:
Digoxin
, Digitoxin, Strophanthins, ouabain, betametil-digoxin desnalosido, lanata c.
Mechanism of action:
positive inotropism. Actions: contractility, automaticity, excitability, conduction velocity, refractory period. Net effects on Ins. Heart:
Increased systolic volume and cardiac output, cardiac silhouette size Reduction, Decreased heart rate, decreased venous pressure, disappearance of edema, increased diuresis.
EI:
Cardiac
Arrhythmias: Sinus bradycardia, premature atrial,
Read MoreAnatomy of the Respiratory and Urinary Systems
Larynx
A tubular organ that connects the pharynx to the trachea, located in front of the neck. During swallowing, communication is intercepted by a layer of cartilage (epiglottis) that prevents food from passing into the airways. It consists of the hyoid bone and cartilage:
Cartilages of the Larynx
- Cricoid: Superimposed on the trachea. It is a ring with a bow front and rear seal.
- Thyroid: Forms the laryngeal prominence.
- Epiglottis: When the larynx descends during swallowing, it is applied against the