Biology & Chemistry Basics: Cells, Systems, and Chemical Reactions
Biology
Plant & Animal Cells
Prokaryotes
No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus & other organelles.
Plant cells have a cell wall & chloroplasts while animal cells don’t.
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Suspends organelles in the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports materials throughout the cell.
Nucleus
Stores genetic data & performs mitosis.
Mitochondria
Converts glucose with oxygen to make energy for the cell.
Cell Membrane
Supports the cell & allows diffusion.
Chloroplast
Absorbs
Read MoreTheories of Evolution: From Lamarck to Darwin and Beyond
1. Origins of Life
1.1 Creationism and Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur Experiment:
Pasteur boiled a flask of meat broth to eliminate possible microorganisms. This flask was kept free of microorganisms, as they were trapped in the neck of the flask. After tilting the flask, the microorganisms came into contact with the broth and multiplied rapidly, decomposing it.
1.2 Prebiotic Synthesis and Panspermia
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey:
The gases that made up the primitive atmosphere were injected into
Read MoreGenetics and Evolution
Genetics and Evolution:
Inheritance of acquired characteristics: States that characteristics developed during an organism’s life can be passed to offspring which is wrong.
Artificial selection: Selecting which animals were allowed to reproduce to change its traits.
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection states that living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring than others do. This produces changes in the traits of living things over time.
During his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin
The Fundamentals of Nutrition: A Comprehensive Guide
Nutrition: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction
Alimentation: The process of selecting and consuming food from the environment, forming voluntary dietary habits. It is influenced by many factors.
Nutrition: The set of processes by which our body incorporates nutrients from food and transforms them. Food and nutrition satisfy our needs for energy and essential nutrients.
Nutrients: Simple molecules obtained from food that the body uses for metabolic reactions.
Food: Any natural product or substance that
Read MoreComprehensive Guide to the Cardiovascular, Excretory, and Lymphatic Systems
Cardiovascular System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood, working together to circulate oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and remove waste products. Blood flow through the system is driven by the pumping action of the heart and the pressure created by the contraction of blood vessels.
The Heart
Chambers and Valves: The heart has four chambers—two atria and two ventricles. The tricuspid valve separates the
Read MoreMicrobiology Laboratory Techniques and Applications
Review again:
Chapter one:
There are three main hazards in the microbiology lab, they include,
Biological hazards
Physical hazards
Chemical hazards
Biological hazards are high concnetration of bacteria
Chemical hazards are ethanol, alcohol, and testing reagents
Physical hazards can cause damage either through direct or indirect contact.
Chapter five:
IF you want to grow bacteria in a lab you must provide all of their suitable growth conditions.
The medium in which all of the suitable growth factors are provided
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