Mitochondria and Plastids: Structure and Cellular Roles
Mitochondria: Structure and Functions
Mitochondrial Structure
Mitochondrial Matrix
Contains a semi-liquid material with the consistency of a gel. It includes:
- Mitochondrial DNA molecules: In most mammalian cells, this is circular, double-stranded DNA, distinct from nuclear DNA.
- Mitochondrial RNA molecules.
- Enzymes for mitochondrial DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
- Enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle and the beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
- Ions of Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), and ribonucleoproteins.
Nervous System, Sensory Receptors, and Human Senses
Coordination Systems
Coordination involves the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Neurons: Structure and Function
The nervous system uses independent cells called neurons. Key parts include:
- Soma: The cell body.
- Axon: A projection often surrounded by a myelin sheath.
- Dendrites: Numerous extensions from the soma.
Sensory Receptors and Stimuli Transformation
Sensory receptors detect stimuli and transform them into electrical signals (nerve impulses).
Receptor Classification
- Mechanoreceptors: Stimulated
Body Coordination, Senses, and Blood Circulation
Coordination Centers: Nervous & Endocrine Systems
Processing Information: The coordination centers receive information sent by the receptors, process it, generate orders, and send them to the effector organs. The coordination centers are the nervous system, which is responsible for nervous coordination, and the endocrine system, which is responsible for endocrine coordination.
Nervous System
The nervous system is responsible for analyzing the internal and external stimuli perceived by the receptors,
Human Biology Key Concepts: Nerves, Muscles, Systems
Nervous System Fundamentals
- Information relay to muscles: Motor neurons relay information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles.
- Neuron resting potential: Approximately -70 millivolts for most neurons.
- Motor neuron conducting zone: Includes the axon.
- Sodium-potassium pump mechanism: Moves ions across the neuron membrane via active transport.
- Resting membrane potential definition: The voltage difference between the inside and outside of a neuron’s plasma membrane.
- Action potential nature: An all-or-
Assisted Reproduction, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine
Reproducción Humana Asistida
Inseminación Artificial
Es la técnica más sencilla y antigua. Consiste en introducir artificialmente espermatozoides, previamente obtenidos del hombre, dentro del tracto genital femenino. Se utiliza cuando la concentración de espermatozoides es baja o carecen de suficiente movilidad, o si el tracto femenino no presenta las condiciones adecuadas para el desplazamiento de los espermatozoides.
Fecundación In Vitro (FIV) y Transferencia Embrionaria
Consiste en fecundar
Read MoreCongenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Management
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Anatomic Lung Alterations
- Failure of the Bochdalek foramen of the diaphragm to close.
- Migration of the intestines into the thorax.
- Atelectasis.
- Complete lung collapse.
- Mediastinal shift to the unaffected side of the thorax.
- Reduction in the number of bronchial generations and alveoli per acinus.
Etiology
A congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs in approximately 1 out of 2,000 to 4,000 live births. The baby is usually mature at birth. Two-thirds of affected infants are
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