Genetics
Four types of nitrogen bases
Four types of nitrogen bases(T) pairs with (A)(G) pairs with (C)
A Adenine (T) Thymine(G) Guanine(C) Cytosine
A and G are purines and T and C are pyrimidine
Mutation – A change to a DNA sequence or gene.Causes – Chemicals, Radiation, UV Rays
Translation – The process of translating the sequence of messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
Transcription – The synthesis of RNA from DNA template
Replication – Whenever a cell divides, the two
Cells, Microscopes, and Cellular Processes: A Comprehensive Guide
Microscopes
Electron and Light Microscopes
Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes, but can only view dead specimens in black and white, and are relatively expensive. Light microscopes can view both alive and dead specimens in color, and are relatively cheap.
Image size = real size x magnification
Total magnification = objective lens x eyepiece (eyepiece already has a x10 magnification)
Microscope Procedure
- Place the slide on the stage and use clips to secure
Heterocyclic Compounds, Anesthetics, and Antipsychotic Drugs
Discuss in detail about three ring hydrocyclic compounds with example.
Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds-These heterocyclic compounds contain three atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated. Based on the number of heteroatoms present, we can further classify them into two categories:
Heterocyclic compounds with one heteroatom.
- As the name suggests, it has one heteroatom present in its ring.
- Examples: Aziridine, Oxirane, Thiirane, Azirine, Oxirene and Thiirene
Heterocyclic compounds with more than
Read MoreThe Origins of Life: From RNA World to LUCA
In order for a system to reproduce
Ordered accumulation of biomass
Energy harvesting processes
Network of chemical reactions – metabolism
Memory
Respond to changes in the environment
When did life begin on Earth?
Upper and lower boundaries
The first time point at which life could have existed (lower)
When life was definitely present (upper)
Estimation of Earth’s age
Age of solar system: Astronomical/planetological studies
Geological approach: Radioisotope dating of ancient rocks.
Our solar system was formed
Read MoreCellular Biology: From Microtubules to Motor Proteins
Kinesin Movement
Kinesin walks with a limp, as determined by the “hand-over-hand” model instead of the inchworm model. The limp theory suggests that the neck of the kinesin acts like a spring, and successive steps produce coiling and uncoiling of this spring. Kinesin is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP -> ADP + P.
Microtubules
Microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton found throughout the cytoplasm. They are composed of small alpha and beta tubulins, which form rows of tubulins, creating
DNA, RNA, and The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Functions:
- Transmits inheritance through duplication, generating identical copies of itself.
- Controls gene expression by regulating transcription and translation.
Structure:
- Double helix with a linear sequence of nucleotides.
- Mostly located in the cell nucleus (nuclear DNA) but also in mitochondria (mtDNA).
Double helix model established by Watson, Crick, and Franklin in 1953.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Present in all cell types.
Functions beyond information storage and protein synthesis.
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