Understanding the Cardiovascular System and Blood Functions

Posted by on May 21, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

Cardiovascular System: Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels

Uses: Transport nutrients and hormones to body tissues, Gaseous exchange

Heart Coverings/Pericardium

  • Prevents friction

Fibro-serous sac1.jpg

Fibrous pericardium sac= tough and loose

Conical sac made of fibrous tissue

a. Base- attached to diaphragm

b. 4 surfaces- anterior, posterior, 2 lateral

Anterior- attached to sternum by sternopericardial ligaments

Heart Wall (3 layers)

1. Epicardium (outer layer)

2. Myocardium (muscular muscle layer)

3. Endocardium (inner layer)

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Human Body Systems: An Overview

Posted by on May 20, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

Body systems overview, 

Functions

Integumentary – helps regulate body temp, removes excretory waste (urea, water), protects against sun’s UV rays, produces vitamin D 

Skeletal –  protects organs, provides shape/support, stores materials (fats, minerals), produces blood cells, allows movement

Muscular – Allows for movement by contracting 

Nervous – gathers and interprets information, responds to information,  helps maintain homeostasis 

Endocrine – Regulates body activities using hormones, Slow

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Neurotransmission and Ion Transport Mechanisms in the Nervous System

Posted by on May 20, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

NeuroTrans

Transporters

  • Uniporter: Same ions, different directions
  • Antiporter: Different ions, different directions
  • Symporter: Different ions, same direction

IonTrans

  • Passive
  • 1st Active (ATP)
  • 2nd Active (Indirect)

1st Active Transport

2 P-types (phosphorylate conserved aspartate) =

  1. Na-K ATPase: 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in, electrogenic (inside electronegative, 1 ion charge movement), ↑ infinity Na+, rest -60 to -90 mV, K+ leak channels @ rest
  2. Ca2+ ATPase: Ca2+ out, need low intracellular Ca2+, surface of ER, muscle
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Mitosis and Meiosis: Cell Division Processes

Posted by on May 20, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

Mitosis

Mitosis is a process of nucleus division, through which two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell are formed.

Phases:

  • Prophase: Chromosomes, replicated during the interphase, condense. The nuclear membrane and the nucleolus disappear. Centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Filaments grow between them, forming the spindle apparatus, which allows chromosomes to move.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes reach maximum condensation. They align perpendicular
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Exploring the World of Biology: Cells, Organisms, and the Scientific Method

Posted by on May 19, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

What is Biology?

Definition

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms.

Etymology

The term “biology” derives from two Greek words: “bios” (life) and “logos” (study).

Biologists

Scientists who conduct biological research are called biologists. Biologists study various aspects of life, including:

  • Biological processes
  • Diseases
  • New medical treatments

They also teach students and develop new theories. Biologists work in diverse settings, such as:

  • Laboratories
  • Industries
  • Fields
  • Zoos

Their activities

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DNA, RNA, and Mutations: The Building Blocks of Life

Posted by on May 19, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

DNA and RNA: The Molecules of Life

DNA

Chemical Composition

Deoxyribonucleotides consisting of:

  • Phosphate
  • Deoxyribose
  • Nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

Molecular Structure

Double-stranded helix

Types

  • Nuclear DNA: Forms chromatin
  • Mitochondrial DNA: Found in mitochondria
  • Plastid DNA: Found in chloroplasts

Cell Location

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts

Function

Contains the organism’s genetic information.

RNA

Chemical Composition

Ribonucleotides consisting of:

  • Phosphate
  • Ribose
  • Nitrogenous
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