Human Biology: Cells, Functions, and Exchange of Substances
Chemical Composition and Life Functions
- Chemical Composition: Organic and inorganic biomolecules
- Cellular Structure: Trillions of eukaryotic cells, multicellular
- Life Functions: Reproduction, interaction, nutrition
Types of Cells
- Neuron: Transmits information (nervous system)
- Osteocyte: Creates and produces bone (bone)
- Keratinocyte: Produces hair, nails, scales, and horns (skin)
- Cardiomyocyte: Contracts and relaxes to pump blood (heart)
Levels of Organization
- Cell: Smallest component of a living thing
- Tissue:
Annelids and Mollusks: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Biology
Annelids
Phylum Annelida
Partitions called septa divide the body internally; the segmented coelom acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.
Feeding
The digestive system is a tube extending from mouth to anus: Mouth – Pharynx – Esophagus – Crop – Gizzard – Intestine – Anus.
- Pharynx: Muscular front portion of the system that can extend through the mouth. Carnivores have two or more sharp jaws that shoot out, grabbing prey. Herbivores have jaws to tear up plants. Detritus feeders use thick mucus to suck up food.
Animal Biology: Key Concepts and Classifications
Animal Biology: Key Concepts and Classifications
Key Concepts
- Analogy: Two structures in different organisms that serve the same function
- Homology: Traits shared from a common ancestor
- Axial: Makes up the central body. Anterior to Posterior
- Appendicular: Upper and lower extremities including supporting structures
- Carnivore: Meat, eyes front, jaw joint pivot in line with teeth
- Herbivore: Plants, eyes side, jaw joint pivot above teeth
- Generalist: Adaptable species that use a variety of resources to survive
- Specialists:
Understanding Cell Division, Genetics, and Gene Expression
Bacteria vs. Archaea and Eukaryotes
What characteristic distinguishes bacteria from archaea and eukaryotes?
Bacteria lack histones associated with their chromosomes, unlike archaea and eukaryotes.
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
DNA Replication
In which cell cycle stage does DNA duplication occur?
DNA replication happens during the S phase.
Polyploidy
What term describes eukaryotic cells with more than two sets of genetic information?
These cells are called polyploid.
Telomeres
What is the function of telomeres?
Telomeres
Read MoreCellular Respiration and Energy Production: A Comprehensive Guide
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP by linking inorganic phosphate (Pi) to adenosine phosphate (ADP).
Types of Phosphorylation
- Substrate-level phosphorylation: Glycolysis and Krebs cycle. A phosphate group is transferred from a phosphorylated substrate molecule to ADP, forming ATP.
- Oxidative phosphorylation: Electron transport chain. The energy released from the electron transfer is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient. The flow of protons back across
Pharmacognosy: A Comprehensive Guide to Medicinal Plants and Natural Products
Identification Test for Alkaloids
- Mayer’s reagent (Potassiomercuric iodide solution)—Take the alkaloid materials → Mix with the Mayer’s reagent → then obtained cream color ppt.
- Wagner’s reagent (Solution of iodine in potassium iodide)—Take the alkaloid materials → Mix with the Wagner’s reagent → then obtained brown or reddish brown ppt.
- Hager’s reagent (Saturated solution of picric acid)—Take the alkaloid materials → Mix with the Hager’s reagent → then obtained yellow