Comprehensive Guide to Earth Science and Evolution
Continental Drift Theory
Paleontological Evidence: Identical fossils of land-based organisms were found in continents situated far apart.
Geological Evidence: Continents fit together along their coastlines and continental shelves. Rocks of the same age and type appear on each side of the line where they were joined.
Paleoclimatic Evidence: Continents situated in the South Pole of Pangea have glacial moraines from the same age.
Wilson Cycle
Two cyclical processes of rifting and reuniting of supercontinents
Read MoreFrom DNA to Protein: A Deep Dive into Protein Synthesis
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an artificial method of replicating DNA under laboratory conditions. The process involves the following steps:
- Denaturation: The DNA sample is heated (~90ºC) to separate the two strands.
- Annealing: The sample is cooled (~55ºC) to allow primers to anneal. Primers designate the specific sequence to be copied.
- Elongation: The sample is heated to the optimal temperature for a heat-tolerant polymerase (Taq) to function (~75ºC).
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: The Energy Cycles of Life
Why ATP is Useful to Cells
ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups.
Energy
The ability to do work
ATP Stands for…
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP Consists of…
Adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three
phosphate groups
ADP Stands for
Adenosine diphosphate
Difference Between ATP and ADP
ADP has two phosphate groups, while ATP has three phosphate groups.
(ATP, ADP) Can Contain More Energy
ATP
Cells Release Energy by…
Breaking the bonds between
Read MoreUnderstanding Wound Healing: A Cellular and Molecular Perspective
Wound Healing
Clotting, Scarring, and Re-establishment of Function in Complex Tissues
Four Stages of Wound Healing
HOMEOSTASIS (within minutes)
Stops the loss of blood and sets the stage for repair.
- Spilled blood and the fibrous clot
- Blood vessels become sticky.
- Sticky platelets flow to the area of the wound due to blood vessel damage.
- Platelet: Stem cell population, a piece of a megakaryocyte filled with vesicles for secreting growth factors (regulated secretion: makes a vesicle, but it sits there waiting
- Spilled blood and the fibrous clot
A Comprehensive Guide to Tongue Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
Classification of Tongue Disorders
Major Inherited, Congenital & Developmental Abnormalities
- Cleft, Lobed, Bifurcated, Tetrafurcated
- Aglossia (Hypoglossia)
- Macroglossia
Disorders of the Lingual Mucosa
- Changes in the Tongue Papilla
- Nonkeratotic and Keratotic White Lesions
- Depapilation and Atrophic Lesions
- Tertiary Syphilis and Interstitial Glossitis
- Pigmentation
Diseases Affecting the Body of the Tongue
- Infections
- Amyloidosis
- Neuromuscular Disorders
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Disorders
- TMJ Myofunctional Dysfunction
Malignant
Read MoreA Comprehensive Guide to Tongue Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
Classification of Tongue Disorders
Major Inherited, Congenital & Developmental Abnormalities
- Cleft, Lobed, Bifurcated, Tetrafurcated
- Aglossia (Hypoglossia)
- Macroglossia
Disorders of the Lingual Mucosa
- Changes in the Tongue Papilla
- Nonkeratotic and Keratotic White Lesions
- Depapilation and Atrophic Lesions
- Tertiary Syphilis and Interstitial Glossitis
- Pigmentation
Diseases Affecting the Body of the Tongue
- Infections
- Amyloidosis
- Neuromuscular Disorders
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Disorders
- TMJ Myofunctional Dysfunction